Pathophysiology Chapter 4 Study Guide

Front 1

Cancer is a disorder of altered cell ____ and ____.

Back 1

Cancer is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth.

Front 2

The process of cell division results in cellular ____.

Back 2

The process of cell division results in cellular proliferation.

Front 3

____ is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace.

Back 3

Differentiation is the process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and function of the cells they replace.

Front 4

Proteins called ____ controls entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle.

Back 4

Proteins called cyclins controls entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle.

Front 5

Kinases are enzymes that ____ proteins.

Back 5

Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins.

Front 6

Continually renewing cell populations rely on ____ cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide.

Back 6

Continually renewing cell populations rely on progenitor cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide.

Front 7

____ cells remain incompletely undifferentiated throughout life.

Back 7

Stem cells remain incompletely undifferentiated throughout life.

Front 8

____ stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo.

Back 8

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo.

Front 9

Body organs and tissues are composed of two types of structures: ____ and _____.

Back 9

Body organs and tissues are composed of two types of structures: parenchymal and stromal.

Front 10

____ are those that continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed.

Back 10

Labile cells are those that continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed.

Front 11

Cells that are capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus and are thus capable of reconstituting the tissue of origin are termed _____.

Back 11

Cells that are capable of undergoing regneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus and are thus capable of reconstituting the tissue of origin are termed stabile.

Front 12

____ tissue is a glistening red, moist, connective tissue that contains newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts, and residual inflammatory cells.

Back 12

Granulation tissue is a glistening red, moist, connective tissue that contains newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts, and residual inflammatory cells.

Front 13

The elderly have reduced ____ and ____ synthesis, impaired wound contraction, and slower reepithelialization of open wounds.

Back 13

The elderly have reduced collagen and fibroblast synthesis, impaired wound contraction, and slower reepithelialization of open wounds.

Front 14

The ____ is often born with immature organ systems and minimal energy stores but high metabolic requirements - a condition that predisposes to impaired wound healing.

Back 14

The premature infant is often born with immature organ systems and minimal energy stores but high metabolic requirements - a condition that predisposes to impaired wound healing.

Front 15

Endothelial cells

Back 15

regulate leukocyte extravastation

Front 16

Proliferation

Back 16

process of cell division

Front 17

Edema

Back 17

swelling due to movement of fluid from vasculature into tissues

Front 18

Differentiation

Back 18

process of cell specialization

Front 19

Renewal

Back 19

stem cell's undergoing numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state space.

Front 20

Nitric Oxide

Back 20

stimulator of vasodilation

Front 21

Margination

Back 21

leukocyte accumulation

Front 22

Thrombocytes

Back 22

activation affects vascular permeability

Front 23

Mast cells

Back 23

stimulate inflammatory reaction in response to injury or infection

Front 24

Cellular potency

Back 24

defines the differentiation potential of stem cells.

Front 25

Not all cells in the body can re-enter the cell cycle, but some will do so continuously. In terms of regeneration and differentiation, which types of cells will or will not re-enter the cell cycle?

Back 25

In terms of cell proliferation, the cells may be divided into three groups: (1) the well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscle that rarely divide and reproduce; (2) the progenitor or parent cells, that continue to divide and reproduce, such as blood cells, skin cells, and liver cells; and (3) the undifferentiated stem cells that can be triggered to enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of progenitor cells when the need arises.

Front 26

Explain the concept of wound healing by first and second intent.

Back 26

Depending on the extent of tissue loss, wound closure and healing occur by primary or secondary intention. Small or "clean" wounds (such as a surgical incision) are an example of healing by primary intention. Larger wounds that have a greater loss of tissue and contamination heal by secondary intention is slower than healing by primary intention and results in the formation of larger amounts of scar tissue.

Front 27

You are the nurse caring for a burn victim who has sustained second- and third- degree burns over 50% of his body. The family is asking you questions about the care that is being given to the burn victim.

Back 27

A family member asks about the drainage they see on the bandages. What would you tell them?

Hint 27

After an injury the body initiates what is called the inflammatory response. This means the body sends cells and fluids that are specific to destroying infectious organisms and healing the injury to the site of the wound. What are you seeing on the bandages is a serous exudate from the plasma in the circualtory system that has responded to the burn injury.

Front 28

You are the nurse caring for a burn victim who has sustained second- and third- degree burns over 50% of his body. The family is asking you questions about the care that is being given to the burn victim.

Back 28

Several days post injury a family member asks why the client isn't eating. What kind of information would you give them?

Hint 28

The body's response to an injury activates many different types and kinds of cells. This response is called the acute phase response and some of the cells that are released during this response act on the central nervous system. Their actions can cause outward manifestations of their work such as anorexia, somnolence, and malaise.

Front 29

A class of student nurses is hearing a lecture on wound healing. The professor explains about primary and secondary healing. The professor continue to talk about the phases of wound healing and states that in both primary and secondary healing the phases of wound healing occur at different rates. What are the phases of wound healing?

Back 29

The proliferative phase, the inflammatory phase, and the maturational phase

Hint 29

Wound healing is commonly divided into three phases: (1) the inflammatory phase, (2) the proliferative phase, and the (3) maturational or remodeling phase. There is no activation or nutritional phase in wound healing.

Front 30

Hyperbaric treatment for wound healing is used in wounds that have problems in healing due to hypoxia or infection. It works by raising the partial pressure of oxygen in plasma. How does hyperbaric oxygen treatment enhance wound healing?

Back 30

Promotion of angiogenesis

Hint 30

An increase in tissue oxygen tension by hyperbaric oxygen enhances wound healing by a number of mechanisms, including the increased killing of bacteria by neutrophils, impaired growth of anaerobic bacteria, and the promotion of angiogenesis and fibroblast activity. Eosinophil activity is not affected by hyperbaric treatment of wounds.

Front 31

Wound healing is more difficult for persons at both ends of the age spectrum, although the reasons differ. In the elderly, wound healing is impaired or delayed because of structural and functional changes in the skin that occur with aging and the chronicity of wounds the elderly have. Why do neonates and small children have problems with wound healing?

Back 31

They don't have the reserves needed.

Hint 31

The child has a greater capacity for repair than the adult but may lack the reserves needed to ensure proper healing. Such lack is evidenced by an easily upset electrolyte balance, sudden elevation or lowering of temperature, and rapid spread of infection. The neonate and small child may have an immature immune system with no antigenic experience with organisms that contaminate wounds. The younger the child, the more likely that the immune system is not fully developed. The skin of a neonate or a small child is not as fragile as the skin of an elderly person.

Front 32

All wounds are considered contaminated at the time the wound occurs. Usually natural defenses in our bodies can deal with the invading microorganisms at the time the wound occurs; however, there are times when a wound is badly contaminated and host defenses are overwhelemed. What happens to the healing process when host defenses are overwhelemed by infectious agents?

Back 32

The formation of granulation tissue is impaired.

Hint 32

Infection impairs all dimensions of wound healing. It prolongs the inflammatory phase, impairs the formation of of granulation tissue, and inhibits proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen fibers. All wounds are contaminated at the time of injury. Although body defenses can handle of invasion of microorganisms at the time of wounding, badly contaminated wounds can overwhelm host defenses. Trauma and existing impairment of host defenses also can contribute to the development of wound infections.

Front 33

In normal tissues the size of the cell population is determined by what?

Back 33

Balance of cell proliferation, death by apoptosis, and emergence of newly differentiated cells.