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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hematopoiesis
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The normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow. In severe anemia and other hematologic disorders, cells may be produced in organs outside the marrow
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Pluripotent stem cell
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capable of differentiating into one of many cell types. Gives rise to two types of multipotential stem cells, the common lymphoid and the common myeloid stem cells.
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Multipotent stem cell
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having the potential of becoming any of several mature cell types
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Committed Progenitor Cells
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A primitive cell made in the bone marrow that can enter the bloodstream and go to areas of blood vessel injury to help repair the damage. The number of endothelial progenitor cells in the blood is a risk factor for vascular disease. Depletion or senescence of endothelial progenitor cells may contribute to blood vessel disease.
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Common lymphoid stem cell
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Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, or to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. Lymphoid tissue is full of lymphocytes, such as a lymph node.
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Common myeloid stem cell
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Referring to myelocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also known as myelogenous.
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Erythrocytes
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It contains hemoglobin confined within a lipoid membrane. It is the major cellular element of the circulating blood and transports oxygen as its principal function. They originate in the bone marrow of the long bones. Maturation proceeds from a stem cell (promegaloblast) through the pronormoblast stage to the normoblast, the last stage before the mature adult cell develops.
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Megakaryocyte
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An extremely large bone marrow cell having a nucleus with many lobes. Are essential for the production and proliferation of platelets in the marrow and are normally note present in the circulating blood.
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Monocyte
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A large mononuclear leukocyte with an ovoid or kidney-shaped nucleus, containing chromatin material with a lacy pattern and abundant gray-blue cytoplasm filled with fine, reddish azurophilic granules.
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Granulocyte
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A type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules. Kinds of granulocytes are basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil.
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Monoblast
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An immature monocyte. Increased production of monoblasts in the marrow and the presence of these forms in the peripheral circulation occur in certain leukemias and TB.
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Eosinophil
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A granulocytic bilobbed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil. It is characterized by large numbers of coarse refractile cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin.
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Eosin
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A group of red acidic xanthine dyes often used in combination with a blue-purple basic dye such as hematoxylin to stain tissue slides in the laboratory.
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Neutrophil
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A polymorphonuclear granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes. Neutrophils are circulating white blood cells essential for phagocytosis and proteolysis by which bacteria, cellular debris, and solid particles are removed and destroyed. A neutrophil count less than or equal to 500 may be life-threatening.
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Basophil
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A granulocytic white blood cell characterized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. Basophils represent 1 or less of the total white blood cell count.
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Reticulocyte
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An immature erythrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus.
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Colony-forming units
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Committed unipotential cells are referred to as these. These progenitor cells have only limited capacity for self-renewal but retain the potential to differentiate into lineage-specific precursor cells.
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Colony-stimulating Factor (CSF)
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A growth factor that allows cells to pass a restriction point in their reproductive cycle. It is no longer needed after cells have entered the DNA synthesis phase.
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Cytokine
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One of a large group of low-molecular-weight-proteins secreted by various cell types and involved in cell-to-cell communication, coordinating antibody and T-cell immune interactions, and amplifying immune reactivity. Include colony-stimulating actors, interferons, interleukins, and lymphokines, which are secreted by lymphocytes
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Stroma
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The supporting tissue or the matrix of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma
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Erythropoieten
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A glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia
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Thrombopoieten
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a hormone that regulates blood platelet production by promoting the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells and the development of megakaryocytes into blood platelets
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
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a colony-stimulating factor produced by T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts that promotes the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells, stimulates the maturation of precursor cells into granulocytes and macrophages, and activates mature macrophages—abbreviation GM-CSF
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
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a colony-stimulating factor produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts that acts to promote the maturation of precursor cells into granulocytes (as neutrophils)—abbreviation G-CSF
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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
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a colony-stimulating factor produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts that stimulates production and maturation of macrophages—abbreviation M-CSF
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interleukins
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any of various compounds of low molecular weight that are produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes and that function especially in regulation of the immune system and especially cell-mediated immunity
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interferons
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any of a group of heat-stable soluble basic antiviral glycoproteins of low molecular weight that are produced usually by cells exposed to the action of a virus, sometimes to the action of another intracellular parasite (as a bacterium), or experimentally to the action of some chemicals, and that include some used medically as antiviral or antineoplastic agents
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Tumor necrosis factor
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a protein that is produced chiefly by monocytes and macrophages in response especially to endotoxins, that mediates inflammation, and that induces the destruction of some tumor cells and the activation of white blood cells
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lymphocyte
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any of the colorless weakly motile cells that originate from stem cells and differentiate in lymphoid tissue (as of the thymus or bone marrow), that are the typical cellular elements of lymph, that include the cellular mediators of immunity, and that constitute 20 to 30 percent of the white blood cells of normal human blood
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leukocyte
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white blood cell; a cell (as a macrophage) of the tissues comparable to or derived from a leukocyte
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agranulocyte
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a white blood cell without cytoplasmic granule
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specific granule
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a secondary granule in the cytoplasm of a polymorphonuclear leukocytes that contains lysozyme, vitamin B12, binding protein, neutral proteases, and lactoferrin.
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azurophilic granule
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stain purple and are lysosomes.
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte
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A white blood cell containing a segmented lobular nucleus; an eosinophil, basophil, or neutrophil.
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heparin
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a glycosaminoglycan sulfuric acid ester that occurs especially in the liver and lungs, that prolongs the clotting time of blood by preventing the formation of fibrin, and that is administered parenterally in the form of its sodium salt in vascular surgery and in the treatment of postoperative thrombosis and embolism
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histamine
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a compound C5H9N3 especially of mammalian tissues that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion, that is released during allergic reactions, and that is formed by decarboxylation of histidine
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T lymphocyte (T Cell)
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any of several lymphocytes (as a helper T cell) that differentiate in the thymus, possess highly specific cell-surface antigen receptors, and include some that control the initiation or suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immunity (as by the regulation of T and B cell maturation and proliferation) and others that lyse antigen-bearing cells—called also T lymphocyte
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B lymphocyte (B cell)
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any of the lymphocytes that have antigen-binding antibody molecules on the surface, that comprise the antibody-secreting plasma cells when mature, and that in mammals differentiate in the bone marrow—called also B lymphocyte
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Cytotoxic T Cell
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a T cell that usually bears CD8 molecular markers on its surface and that functions in cell-mediated immunity by destroying a cell (as a virus-infected cell) having a specific antigenic molecule on its surface—called also CTL, cytolytic T cell, cytolytic T lymphocyte, killer T cell, killer T lymphocyte
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Helper T cell
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a T cell that participates in an immune response by recognizing a foreign antigen and secreting lymphokines to activate T cell and B cell proliferation, that usually carries CD4 molecular markers on its cell surface, and that is reduced to 20 percent or less of normal numbers in AIDS—called also helper cell, helper lymphocyte, helper T lymphocyte
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Natural Killer Cells
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a large granular lymphocyte capable especially of destroying tumor cells or virally infected cells without prior exposure to the target cell and without having it presented with or marked by a histocompatibility antigen—called also NK cell
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Humoral-mediated immunity
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A form of immunity mediated by circulating antibodies (IgA, IgB, and IgM), which coat the antigens and target them for destruction by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Circulating antibodies are produced by plasma cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The interaction of antibody with antigen also activates the complement system.
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Thymus
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a glandular structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop, that is present in the young of most vertebrates typically in the upper anterior chest or at the base of the neck, that arises from the epithelium of one or more embryonic branchial clefts, and that tends to disappear or become rudimentary in the adult—called also thymus gland
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Cell-mediated immunity
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A delayed reaction of the immune system, mediated primarily by sensitized T lymphocytes rather than antibodies. Cell-mediated immune response reactions are responsible for defense against certain bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens; malignant cells; and other foreign proteins and tissues.
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Innate immunity
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immunity possessed by a group (as a species or race) that is present in an individual at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen and that includes components (as intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement) which provide an initial response against infection—called also natural immunity
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Antigen
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any substance (as an immunogen or a hapten) foreign to the body that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule (as a protein) and that is capable of binding with a product (as an antibody or T cell) of the immune response
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Monoclonal Antibodies
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An antibody produced in a laboratory from a single clone of B lymphocytes. All monoclonal antibodies produced from the same clone are identical and have the same antigenic specificity.
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CD4 T-Cell
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a large glycoprotein that is found especially on the surface of helper T cells, that is the receptor for HIV, and that usually functions to facilitate recognition by helper T cell receptors of antigens complexed with molecules of a class that are found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (as B cells and macrophages) and are the product of genes of the major histocompatibility complex
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CD8 T-Cell
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a glycoprotein found especially on the surface of cytotoxic T cells that usually functions to facilitate recognition by cytotoxic T cell receptors of antigens complexed with molecules of a class that are found on the surface of most nucleated cells and are the product of genes of the major histocompatibility complex
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Antibodies
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any of a large number of proteins of high molecular weight that are produced normally by specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen and act specifically against the antigen in an immune response, that are produced abnormally by some cancer cells, and that typically consist of four subunits including two heavy chains and two light chains—called also immunoglobulin
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Histiocyte
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a nonmotile macrophage of extravascular tissues and especially connective tissue
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Connective tissue
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a tissue of mesodermal origin that consists of various cells (as fibroblasts and macrophages) and interlacing protein fibers (as of collagen) embedded in a chiefly carbohydrate ground substance, that supports, ensheathes, and binds together other tissues, and that includes loose and dense forms (as adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses) and specialized forms (as cartilage and bone)
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Microglial cells
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glia consisting of small cells with few processes that are scattered throughout the central nervous system, that are of mesodermal origin and are thought to be derived from fetal monocytes, and that have a phagocytic function as part of mononuclear phagocyte system
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Kupffer cells
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a fixed macrophage of the walls of the liver sinusoids that is stellate with a large oval nucleus and the cytoplasm commonly packed with fragments resulting from phagocytic action
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Phagocyte
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a cell (as a white blood cell) that engulfs and consumes foreign material (as microorganisms) and debris
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Blast cell
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an immature cell ; especially : a usually large blood cell precursor that is in the earliest stage of development in which it is recognizably committed to development along a particular cell lineage
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Myoblasts
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an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to muscle cells
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Promyelocyte
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a cell in bone marrow that is in an intermediate stage of development between a myeloblast and a myelocyte and has the characteristic granulations but lacks the specific staining reactions of a mature granulocyte of the blood—called also premyelocyte, progranulocyte
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metamyelocyte
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any of the most immature granulocytes present in normal blood that are distinguished by typical cytoplasmic granulation in combination with a simple kidney-shaped nucleus
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Promonocyte stage
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a cell in an intermediate stage of development between a monoblast and a monocyte
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Lymphoblast
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a lymphocyte that has enlarged following stimulation by an antigen, has the capacity to recognize the stimulating antigen, and is undergoing proliferation and differentiation either to an effector state in which it functions to eliminate the antigen or to a memory state in which it functions to recognize the future reappearance of the antigen—called also lymphocytoblast
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Leukoblast
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a developing leukocyte : a cellular precursor of a leukocyte
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Prolymphocyte Stage
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a cell in an intermediate stage of development between a lymphoblast and a lymphocyte
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Fine, thin-walled, transparent valved channels distributed through most tissues. They are often distinguished by their beaded appearance, which is caused by an irregular lumen. The collecting branches form two systems, one genreally running with the superficial veins and the other below the deep fascia and including the intestinal lacteals. They drain through a thoracic duct and a right lymphatic duct into the venous system near the base of the neck.
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Lymphoid tissue
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Tissues that consists of lymphocytes on a framework of reticular cells and fibers as the tonsils and adenoids.
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Lymph nodes
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any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph passing through the node—called also lymph gland
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Spleen
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a highly vascular ductless abdominal organ of vertebrates that resembles a gland in organization but is closely associated with the circulatory system, that plays a role in the final destruction of red blood cells, filtration and storage of blood, and production of lymphocytes, and that in humans is a dark purplish flattened oblong object of a soft fragile consistency lying near the cardiac end of the stomach and consisting largely of blood and lymphoid tissue enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule from which trabeculae ramify through the tissue of the organ which is divisible into a loose friable red pulp in intimate connection with the blood supply and with red blood cells free in its interstices and a denser white pulp chiefly of lymphoid tissue condensed in masses about the small arteries
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Peripheral
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pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ, other structure, or field of vision.
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Plasma cells
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a lymphocyte that is a mature antibody-secreting B cell
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trabeculae
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a small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane in the framework of a bodily organ or part (as the spleen)
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primary follicle
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immunologically inactive follicles
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parenchyma of lymph node
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the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ or an abnormal growth as distinguished from its supportive framework. Is divided into an outer cortex and an inner medula.
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cortex of lymph node
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Contains well-defined B-Cell and T-cell domains.
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superficial outer cortex
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Contains aggregates of cells called follicles
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Follicles
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a small lymph node. Are the B-cell zones of the lymph nodes.There are two types: primary follicles and active follicles that contain germinal centers.
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secondary follicle
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active follicles that contain germinal centers
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Germinal center
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the lightly staining central proliferative area of a lymphoid follicle
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centroblast
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large lymphocytes
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centrocytes
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small lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei
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mantle zone
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the small layer of B cells surrounding the germinal centers
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paracortex
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the thymus-dependent area of a lymph node between the subscapular cortex and the medullary cord
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alimentary canal
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the tubular passage that extends from mouth to anus, functions in digestion and absorption of food and elimination of residual waste, and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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diffuse lymphoid tissue or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
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The alimentary canal, respiratory passages, and genitourinary systems are guarded by accumulations of lymphoid tissue that are not enclosed in a capsule.
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genitourinary system
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the system of organs comprising those concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction—called also genitourinary system, urogenital system, urogenital tract
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Subepithelium
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situated or occurring beneath an epithelial layer
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nonneoplastic disorders
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not being or not caused by neoplasms <nonneoplastic diseases>
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leukopenia
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a condition in which the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood is abnormally low and which is most commonly due to a decreased production of new cells in conjunction with various infectious diseases, as a reaction to various drugs or other chemicals, or in response to irradiation
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aplastic anemia
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anemia that is characterized by defective function of the blood-forming organs (as the bone marrow) and is caused by toxic agents (as chemicals or X-rays) or is idiopathic in origin—called also hypoplastic anemia
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neutropenia
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leukopenia in which the decrease in white blood cells is chiefly in neutrophils
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Thrombocytopenia
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persistent decrease in the number of blood platelets that is often associated with hemorrhagic conditions—called also thrombopenia
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Agranulocytes
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a white blood cell without cytoplasmic granules
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Kostmann syndrome
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infantile genetic agranulocytosis
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cyclic neutropenia
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a chronic type of neutropenia that abates and recurs, accompanied by malaise, fever, stomatitis, and various types of infetions
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systemic lupus erythematosus
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an inflammatory connective tissue disease of unknown cause that occurs chiefly in women and that is characterized especially by fever, skin rash, and arthritis, often by acute hemolytic anemia, by small hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes, by inflammation of the pericardium, and in serious cases by involvement of the kidneys and central nervous system—called also systemic lupus
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Felty syndrome
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a condition characterized by rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, and splenomegaly and often by weight loss, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and pigment spots on the skin
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Haptens
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a small separable part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody but is incapable of stimulating antibody production except in combination with an associated protein molecule
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splenomegaly
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abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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Idiosyncratic
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of, relating to, marked by, or resulting from idiosyncrasy <an idiosyncratic response to a drug
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Nasopharyngeal
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of, relating to, or affecting the nose and pharynx or the nasopharynx
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Oropharyngeal
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1: of or relating to the oropharynx
2 : of or relating to the mouth and pharynx |
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Infectious mononucleosis
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an acute infectious disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by fever, swelling of lymph nodes, and lymphocytosis—called also glandular fever, kissing disease, mono
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acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
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a periodontal disease that is marked especially by gray ulceration and necrosis of the gums accompanied by pain, bleeding, and halitosis and that is associated with the proliferation of microorganisms (as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema vincentii) that are normally part of the oral flora—called also fusospirochetosis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, trench mouth, Vincent's infection
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lymphoproliferative
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of or relating to the proliferation of lymphoid tissue <Marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative disorde
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Epstein-Barr virus
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a herpesvirus (species Human herpesvirus 4 of the genus Lymphocryptovirus) that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma—abbreviation EBV; called also EB virus
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Herpesvirus
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any of a family Herpesviridae of double-stranded DNA viruses
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EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis
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Infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus as opposed to non-EBV-associated clinical syndromes of infectious mononucleosis caused by other agents.
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Heterophil
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relating to or being any of a group of antigens in organisms of different species that induce the formation of antibodies which will cross-react with the other antigens of the group ; also : being or relating to any of the antibodies produced and capable of cross-reacting in this way <the detection of heterophile antibodies is the diagnostic method of choice for infectious mononucleosis>
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Asymptomatic
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presenting no symptoms of disease
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Insidious
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developing so gradually as to be well established before becoming apparent
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Prodromal period
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having the character of a precursor ; of, relating to, or marked by prodromes <the prodromal stages of a disease>
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Malaise
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an indefinite feeling of debility or lack of health often indicative of or accompanying the onset of an illness <fever, malaise, and other flulike symptoms
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation of the pharynx
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Lymphadenopathy
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abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes
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Cervical
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of or relating to a neck or cervix
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Axillary
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of, relating to, or located near the axilla <axillary lymph nodes> <axillary temperature>
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Axilla
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the cavity beneath the junction of the arm or anterior appendage and shoulder or pectoral girdle containing the axillary artery and vein, a part of the brachial plexus of nerves, many lymph nodes, and fat and areolar tissue
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Manifestation
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a perceptible, outward, or visible expression (as of a disease or abnormal condition)
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Hepatitis
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1 : inflammation of the liver
2 : a disease or condition (as hepatitis A or hepatitis B) marked by inflammation of the liver |
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Hepatomegaly
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enlargement of the liver
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Encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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Meningitis
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1 : inflammation of the meninges and especially of the pia mater and the arachnoid
2 : a disease that may be either a mild illness caused by any of numerous viruses (as various coxsackieviruses) or a more severe usually life-threatening illness caused by a bacterium (especially the meningococcus or the serotype designated B of Hemophilus influenzae), that may be associated with fever, headache, vomiting, malaise, and stiff neck, and that if untreated in bacterial forms may progress to confusion, stupor, convulsions, coma, and death |
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Transverse Myelitis
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An acute attack of spinal cord inflammation involving both sides of the cord
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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a polyneuritis of unknown cause characterized especially by muscle weakness and paralysis—called also Landry's paralysis
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Leukocytosis
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an increase in the number of white blood cells in the circulating blood that occurs normally (as after meals) or abnormally (as in some infections)
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Lethargy
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1 : abnormal drowsiness
2 : the quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or indifferent |
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Debility
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the quality or state of being weak, feeble, or infirm ; especially : physical weakness
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Neoplastic disorder
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of, relating to, or constituting a neoplasm or neoplasia
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Myeloid neoplasms
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Arise from the hematopoietic stem cells and normally give rise to monoclonal proliferations that replace normal bone marrow cells. They include the acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias.
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Lymphoid neoplasms
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Encompass a group of entities that vary widely in their clinical presentation and behaviors. They include the B- and T-cell leukemias and lymphomas (non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas) that originate in the peripheral lymphoid structures such as the lympho nodes, where B and T lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation.
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Plasma cell dyscrasias
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Originate in the lymph nodes, where B cells differentiate into plasma cells
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Leukemia
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an acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in humans and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according to the type of white blood cell most prominently involved
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Biophenotypic leukemia
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demonstrate characteristics of both lymphoid and myeloid lineages
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Lymphocytic leukemia
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leukemia of either of two types marked by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells (as lymphocytes) which accumulate in bone marrow, lymphoid tissue (as of the lymph nodes and spleen), and circulating blood—called also lymphatic leukemia, lymphoid leukemia
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Myelogenous Leukemia
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leukemia characterized by proliferation of myeloid tissue (as of the bone marrow and spleen) and an abnormal increase in the number of granulocytes, myelocytes, and myeloblasts in the circulating blood—called also granulocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia;
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
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A hematologic, malignant disease characterized by large numbers of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, circulating blood, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs. The number of normal blood cells is usually reduced. More than three fourths of the cases in the United States occur in children, with the greatest number diagnosed between 2 and 5 years of age. The disease has a sudden onset and rapid progression marked by fever, pallor, anorexia, fatigue, anemia, hemorrhage, bone pain, splenomegaly, and recurrent infection
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Neurofibromatosis
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a disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by brown spots on the skin, neurofibromas of peripheral nerves, and deformities of subcutaneous tissues and bone—abbreviation NF; called also Recklinghausen's disease, von Recklinghausen's disease
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mechlorethamine
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a nitrogen mustard administered by injection in the form of its hydrochloride C5H11Cl2N·HCl in the palliative treatment of neoplastic diseases (as Hodgkin's disease and leukemia)
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procarbazine
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an antineoplastic drug that occurs as a white to yellowish crystalline powder, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and is used in the form of its hydrochloride C12H19N3O·HCl especially in the palliative treatment of Hodgkin's disease
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Cyclophosphamide
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an immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug C7H15Cl2N2O2P used to treat lymphomas and some leukemias
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Fanconi anemia
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aplastic anemia that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by progressive pancytopenia, hypoplastic bone marrow, skeletal anomalies (as short stature), microcephaly, hypogonadism, and a predisposition to leukemia
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Translocation
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1 : transfer of part of a chromosome to a different position especially on a nonhomologous chromosome ; especially : the exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes
2 : a chromosome or part of a chromosome that has undergone translocation |
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Philadelphia Chromosome
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an abnormally short chromosome 22 that is found in the hematopoietic cells of persons affected with chronic myelogenous leukemia and lacks the major part of its long arm which has usually undergone translocation to chromosome 9. The first chromosome abnormality identified in cancer.
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ABL
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A protooncogene that is the cellular homolog of the Abelson murine leukemic virus. Is received at a specific site on 22q called the breakpoint cluster.
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Hyperploidy
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the quality or state of being hyperploid
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Acute myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
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myelogenous leukemia that is marked by an abnormal increase in the number of myeloblasts especially in bone marrow and blood, that is characterized by symptoms similar to those of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and that may occur either in childhood or adulthood—abbreviation AML; called also acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia
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Polyploidy
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having or being a chromosome number that is a multiple greater than two of the monoploid number
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Hyperploid
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having a chromosome number slightly greater than an exact multiple of the monoploid or haploid number
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Acute Promyelocytic leukemia
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a leukemia in which the predominant blood cell type is the promyelocyte. Represents 10% of adult cases of AML is associated with a (15;17) chromosome translocation that results in the usion of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene on chromosome 17 with the PML gene on chromosome 15.
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Papilledema
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swelling and protrusion of the blind spot of the eye caused by edema—called also choked disk
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Leukostasis
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A condition in which the circulating blast count is markedly elevated (usually 100,000 cells/microliter). The high number of circulating leukemic blasts increases blood viscosity and predisposes to the development of leukoblastic emboli with obstruction of small blood vessels in the pulmonary and cerebral circulations.
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Dyspnea
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difficult or labored respiration
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Cerebral leukostasis
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leads to diffuse headache and lethargy, which can progress to confusion and coma. Once identified, requires immediate and effective treatment to lower the blast count rapidly.
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Apheresis
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withdrawal of blood from a donor's body, removal of one or more components (as plasma, blood platelets, or white blood cells) from the blood, and transfusion of the remaining blood back into the donor—called also pheresis
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Hyperuricemia
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Occurs as the result of increased proliferation or increased breakdown of purine nucleotides secondary to the leukemic cell death that results from chemotherapy. It may increase before and during treatment.
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Prophylactic
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guarding from or preventing the spread or occurrence of disease or infection
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Morphology
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a branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants especially with respect to the forms, relations, metamorphoses, and phylogenetic development of organs apart from their functions
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Histology
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a branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal and plant tissues as discernible with the microscope
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Cytogenetic studies
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a branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variation by the methods of both cytology and genetics
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Computed tomography
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radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis—abbreviation CT
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Oncology
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the study of tumors
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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lymphocytic leukemia that is marked by an abnormal increase in the number of mature lymphocytes and especially B cells, that is characterized by slow onset and progression of symptoms which include anemia, pallor, fatigue, appetite loss, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, and that occurs especially in older adults—abbreviation CLL
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
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myelogenous leukemia that is marked by an abnormal increase in mature and immature granulocytes (as neutrophils, eosinophils, and myelocytes) especially in bone marrow and blood, that is characterized by fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, spleen and liver enlargement, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ultimately a dangerous increase in blast cells and especially myeloblasts and lymphoblasts, that occurs especially in adults, and that is associated with the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome—abbreviation CML; called also chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia
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