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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
B lymphocytes provide humoral immunity through the process of...
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production of antibodies
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What is the main function of B lymphocytes?
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to produce antibodies that attack foreign antigen
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Immune cells distinguish "self" from "non-self" by recognizing
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Major Histocompatability Antigens (HLA)
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Active Acquired Immunity
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obtained when an individual is exposed to an antigen naturally or with a vaccination
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A decrease in cell-mediated (T cell) immunity decreases at purberty because of
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atrophy of the thymus
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Site of T cell maturation
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Thymus
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In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response...
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reacts slower, recognizes specific invaders, and has memory.
Inflammatory cells respond in the same manner to any foreign antigen. |
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Endogenous Antigens
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originate from within the body (ex, the body's own tissue)
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Major Histocompatability Class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which cells?
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ALL body cells except red blood cells.
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Type O Blood
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Has zero Antigen present (neither A nor B).
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Universal Donor Blood
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O Blood
(neither A nor B antigen present, A and B antibodies) |
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Universal Recipient Blood
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AB Blood because it will not produce antibodies against any other blood types.
(A and B antigen present, neither A nor B antibodies) |
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Hemolytic Disease
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a lethal condition in newborns caused byt hte destruction of fetal blood by maternal antibodies.
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Most common cause of hemolytic disease
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Immune reaction against Rh D antigen.
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Clonal selection in humoral immunity
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This is how B cells develop specificity for particular antigens.
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Clonal selection in humoral immunity occurs when
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lymphocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow cells develop the ability to interact with all of the possible antigens it may encounter
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Which process confers long lasting immunity against a specific organism?
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Production of memory cells
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Opsonization
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the process of covering a bacteria with antibodies to attract phagocytes who in turn destroy the microrganism.
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What does the Fc portion of antibodies on an opsonized micro organism do?
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Attracts phagocytes who in turn can destroy the foreign invader.
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IgA
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The main antibody transferred from a mother to an infant in breast milk. IgA is found in the secretions from any mucosal surface, including the mammary glands. Confers Passive Immunity.
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T cytotoxic cell
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main function is direct cell killing.
They destroy microorganisms or cancer cells by releasing toxins such as perforin and inducing apoptosis of malignant cells. |
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T helper cells
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stimulate BOTH the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
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Monoclonal Antibodies
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can be created in a lab by proliferating a B cell clone whose antibodies will only react with a single type of antigen (used to treat cancer).
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CD4 Receptors
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Found on T helper cells and bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells.
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How do Natural Killer (NK) cells differ from T cytoxic (Tc) cells?
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NK cells do not bind to specific antigen but target any infected or malignant cell.
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IgM
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Is the ....
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IgD
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Is the...
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IgE
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Is the predominant antibody in an allergic response AND in fighting parasites.
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IgG
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Is the...
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A vaccine generally consists of...
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an attenuated antigen or
a dead antigen or a detoxified antigen |
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Which individuals may have difficulty developing immunity from vaccines?
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Individuals taking drugs that suppress the immune system.
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Cytokine
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Is...
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Interluekin 1
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A cytokine produced by macrophages to attract and stimulate T helper cells
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T Helper 1 cells
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stimulate the proliferation and differentiation T cytoxic cells and macrophages.
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Which WBC plays the most active role in allergic reactions?
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Eosinophils
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The body's first line of defense against microorganisms
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skin and mucous membranes
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What is the primary cell of immunity?
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Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
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What is a hapten?
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It is...
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What is an antigen?
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A molecule capable of inducing an immune response by the lymphocytes.
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Epitope (Antigenic Determinant)
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The portion of the antigenic molecule that is recognized by the lymphocyte.
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Autoimmunity
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Condition in which the immune cells attack the individual's own tissues as if they were invaders.
(Immune system is said to be "hyper vigilant") |
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Plasma Cells
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B lymphocytes that have developed the ability to produce antibodies during an immune response.
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What is the result of transfusion with incompatible blood types? (e.g., A given to O).
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Agglutination and lysis of red blood cells.
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Fc portion of antibody
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Interacts with inflammatory cells and proteins.
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Primary Immune Response
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mounted after first exposure to antigen X (IgM is first to respond so high levels of IgM are seen in the blood).
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Secondary Immune Response
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mounted after second exposure to antigen X (higher levels of IgG than IgM).
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IgA Deficiency
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results in recurrent infections of the mucosal membranes. The systems most commonly afflicted are the respiratory and gastrointestinal linings.
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What are macrophages?
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phagocytees that are involved in processing, presentation, and recognition for the purpose of activating an immune response.
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What is an immune complex?
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An Antibody-Antigen Complex.
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Interferon
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produced by virally infected cells to signal neighboring cells to increase their defences against viral invasion.
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Which cells phagocytose antigen to present to T helper cells?
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macrophages
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At birth, IgG levels are...
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near adult levels but start to decrease as maternal antibodies are broken down.
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T helper 1 and 2 cells
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responsible for activating the immune response by releasing interleukins that stimulate other immune cells.
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Adaptive Immune Response
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Activated by T helper 1 and 2 cells
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Older individuals are at increased risk for?
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1) Auto-immune disease
2) Hypersensitivity reactions 3) Infections |