Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What happens during a myocardial infarction |
Coronary artery becomes completely blocked either by a thrombus or coronary spasm increasing ischeamia |
|
|
What does ischemia lead to |
Infarction (death of tissue) |
|
|
What can infarcted tissue not do |
Pump or conduct electricity |
|
|
What can extensive damage of the heart lead to *from MI |
Heart failure and fatal arrhythmias |
|
|
When an MI involves full thickness of the myocardium what will occur |
ST elevation (STEMI) |
|
|
When an MI involves partial thickness of the myocardium what is this known as |
NSTEMI |
|
|
What are some signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction |
Severe central chest pain Pain described as crushing Pallor Diaphoresis Faint Nausea Vomitting Clammy Sense of impending doom |
|
|
What is a silent MI |
Without typical pain Symptoms may be non specific |
|
|
What is angina caused by |
A temporary lack of oxygen to myocardial tissues during times of increased myocardial oxygen demand As a result of narrowed arteries suppling the myocardium |
|
|
What builds up in the myocardium during angina as a result of narrowing arteries |
Co2 and lactic acidc which causes pain |
|
|
What is stable angina caused by |
A stable lesion in one of the coronary arteries |
|
|
What is stable angina provoked by |
Exertion or emotion |
|
|
Is stable angina generally self resolving and treated with rest and or medicine within 2-3 minutes |
Yes |
|
|
What does unstable angina indiacte |
An obstruction that is less stable, and that a thrombus may be begginning to form |
|
|
What type of angina is a significant acute coronary syndrome |
Unstable angina |
|
|
What type of angina has noticeable changes in onset, duration, intensity and location of pain |
Unstable angina |
|
|
What type of angina tends to occur in a regular pattern |
Stable angina |
|
|
What is heart failure |
A condition resulting from the heart becoming an incompetent pump |
|
|
What are the two types of heartfailure |
Left ventricular heart failure Right ventricular heart failure |
|
|
During heart failure the heart is unable to effectively pump blood through what types of circulation |
Pulmonary and/or systemic |
|
|
What is right ventricular failure |
When the right ventricle is unable to sqeeze blood effectively into the pulmonary artery leading into the lungs |
|
|
What does right ventricular failure result in and what does it cause |
Blood backs up into the right atrium and to the body causing:
Peripheral (pitting) oedema Jugular venous distension |
|
|
What is left ventricular failure |
Ineffective squeezing of the left venteicle meaning that not enough blood is getting pumped out to the body
Blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary oedema and shortness of breath |
|
|
What is fluid build up in the lungs called and what does it cause |
Pulmonary oedema which causes difficulty breathing |
|
|
What are some signs and symptoms of LVF |
Jugular venous distension Dysponea Crackles on lungs during auscultation Hypoxia Cyanosis Fatigue Productive cough Orthopnea (difficult breathing laying down) |
|
|
What type of heart failure does pitting oedema normally occur in |
Right sided |
|
|
What is an aortic aneurism |
A bulging (dilation) of the aorta |
|
|
What type of anneurism occurs at the top part of the aorta |
Thoracic |
|
|
What types of aneurism occurs at the bottom of the aorta |
Abdominal |
|
|
What can anneurisms do before they rupture |
Leak |
|
|
Where might a thoracic aortic aneurism occur within the aorta |
Above the diaphragm, including the ascending arota, the aortic arch and the decending thoracic arota |
|
|
Where are abodminal aortic anneurisms normally located |
Along the section of the aorta that passes through the abdomen |
|
|
What type of aortic anneurism is more common |
Abdominal |
|
|
What is the presentation of an aortic anneurism |
Can be no symptoms if small Back or abdo pain Pain or vibrating feeling in chest or belly 'ripping or tearing pain' Pulsating mass in abdomen If ruptured: Dizziness, palor, tachycardia, diaphoresis, altered level of conciousness, sudden cardiac arrest |
|
|
What is shock |
Failure of the cardiovascular system to supply enough 02 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs |
|
|
What are the progressions of shock |
Compensated shock Decompensated shock Irriversible shock |
|
|
What are the 5 main types of shock |
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Vascular Obstructive Dissocistive |
|
|
What is hypovolemic shock |
Loss of circulating blood volume |
|
|
What can cause hypovolemic shock |
Haemorrhage (internal or external) from trauma or aneurysm Excessive sweating, D&V or urination (patients with diabetes) Inadequate fluid intake (severe dehydration) |
|
|
What is cardiogenic shock |
Failure of the heart to pump adequately |
|
|
What are some common causes of cardiogenic shock |
Acute MI Heart failure Arrhythmias (tachy/bradycardias) Impaired contractility of the heart muscle fibres
|
|
|
What is vascular shock |
Inappropriate vasodilation |
|
|
Vascular shock can occur becuase of what other 3 types of shock (explain each) |
Neurogenic shock - head trauma affecting the cardiovascular system in the medulla or an insult to the spinal cord can lead to loss of vascular tone
Anaphylactic shock - a reaction to an allergen causes histamine and other mediators to cause vasodilation and loss of fluid from the vascular sysyem
Septic shock - bacterial toxins released into the blood cause the vessels to dilate and become leaky |
|
|
What is obstructive shock |
Caused by a physical obstruction of the great vessles or the heart itself often grouped with cardiogenic shock |
|
|
What are some causes of obstructive shock |
Cardiac tamponade Tension pneumothorax Pulomonary embolism |
|
|
What is dissociative shock |
Due to hypoxaemia |
|
|
What are the causes of dissociative shock |
Carbon monoxide poisoning Severe anemia |
|
|
How does the body compensate for shock |
Using negative feedback mechanisms |
|
|
What are some exaplmes of negative feedback systems as part of the bodies physiological reponse to shock |
Activation of RAAS system Secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Activation of the sympathetic nervous sysyem Release of local vasodilators ( which stop vasodilation) |
|
|
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism |
Coagulation |
|
|
What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in relation to compensatory mechanisms of shock |
Peripheral and GI vasoconstriction Increased HR and strength of contraction |
|
|
What effects does the respiatory system have on the body in relation to compensatory mechanisms of shock |
Tachypnea in response to hypoxia Hormonal response Retention of sodium and water |
|
|
What is the decompensation stage of shock |
Late stage of shock (when the compensaotry mechanism fail) |
|
|
What is decompensation characterized by |
Hypotension |
|
|
When does decompensation occur |
When insult is overwhelming
Delay in treatment
Inhibition of compensatory mechanisms |
|
|
Once you have reached what % of blood loss you have reached irreversible shock |
40% |
|
|
What are cofounding factors of shock |
Age Fitness Pregnancy Pre existing medical conditions Medications (blood thinners) Time from injury to treatment |
|
|
What is ischemia |
Insuffcient blood supply |
|
|
What is an atheroma |
Fatty , calcified deposits |
|
|
What is arteriosclerosis |
Hardening of an artery |
|
|
What is atheroscelrosis |
Build up of plaque in an artery made up of fat, cholestrol and calcium |
|
|
What is tachycardia |
A heart rate above 100 bpm |
|
|
What is bradycardia |
A heart rate of less than 60 bpm |
|
|
What is ventricular fibrilation |
Irregular disoraganised contraction of the ventricles (cardiac arrest) |
|
|
What is atrial fibrilation |
Irregular disorganised contraction of the atria |
|
|
What conditions come under the umbrella term acute coronary syndrome |
Angina (unstable) Myocardial infarction (STEMI, NSTEMI) |
|
|
What is the presentatiom of angina |
Pain behind sternum spreading across to the chest Pain can be reffered to neck, back, jaw, armpit, down one or both arms
Heaviness in chest Pallor and diaphoresis Relieved with rest and/ own medication
|
