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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blood flow of the heart
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vena cava...right atria...tricuspid...right ventricle...pulmonary valve...pulmonary artery...capillaries...pulmonary vein...left atria...mitral valve...left ventricle...aortic valve...aorta
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describe pulmonary edema
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-blood absorbed in lungs
-seen as pink frothy sputum -caused by increased pressure in left atria |
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what occurs when right atria has too much pressure?
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-systemic edema
-first sign is distended jugular veins |
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a patient with blockage in any artery means it could be happening anywhere
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...
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electrical pathway of the heart
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SA node...AV node...bundle of His...bundle branches...purkinje fibers
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what occurs during depolarization?
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-heart lets go of electrical activity.
-cells are selectively permeable to Na and K |
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what occurs during refractory period?
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-muscles of the heart cannot do ANYTHING
-the heart is resting, bringing energy back |
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long pauses between the P wave and the beginning of the QRS wave means what?
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heart block between SA node and AV node
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a wide QRS wave indicates what?
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a block between the bundle of His and purkinge fibers
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what makes the S1 heart sounds?
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the closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves
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what makes the S2 heart sound?
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the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves
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apical pulse is palpated where?
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at the 5th or 6th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
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what physiological change can be heard in pediatric heart sounds?
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a split S2 upon inspiration--not a problem
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great vessels are...
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-superior and inferior vena cava
-pulmonary artery -pulmonary veins -aorta |
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how does the sympathetic nervous system control the heart function?
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-increases Ca entrance in to cell causing heart to contract harder
-causes vessels to dilate by excreting catecholamines |
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what do Calcium Blocker drugs do?
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-decrease contraction of the heart
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how does the parasympathetic nervous system effect heart function?
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slows HR and conduction of the heart
dilates vessels vagal stimulation |
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significance of Triponin
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-Ca binds to triponin during contraction
-when MIs occur, Ca can't bind to triponin d/t cell death and it flows in to the blood. The height of the amount of triponin found in the blood indicates how much cell death occurs. -Triponin levels of 3-4 is significant |
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if tissue death only occurs at the top of the heart it is called...
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subendocardial
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normal blood pressure...
Pre-hypertensive... stage 1... stage 2... |
-120/80
-140/90 -145/95 -160/100 |
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describe chronic venous insufficiency
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-inadequate venous return over a long period d/t varicose veins or valvular incompetence
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what do venous stasis ulcers look like?
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dirty
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what is a DVT?
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-deep vein thrombosis
-obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure -factors: venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoagulable states |
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primary factors of hypertension?
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-drinking: leads to increased viscosity of the blood
-diabetes: extra sugar in blood increases viscosity -majority are idiopathic (genetic link) |
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isolated systolic is caused by...
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-defected aorta: seen often in elderly
-elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance |
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complications of hypertension
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-effects every organ eventually
-malignant hypertension: acute: VERY high blood pressure |
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describe orthostatic hypertension
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-seen in pts 24-48 hrs post op: keep eye contact while helping them stand
-elderly with venous insufficiency -pts on BP medications |
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describe an aneurysm
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-just dilation NOT opening
-most commonly found in aorta -pts come in with back pain but no reason for it: if they have family history or HTN you need to do more research! |
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describe thrombus
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stasis of blood
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describe embolism
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-a thrombus that has moved and blocks the vessel
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describe arteriosclerosis
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hardening and thickening of arteries
-arteries lose elasticity |
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risk factors for CAD
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dyslipidemia
diabetes women with increased DRP lab is a high indicator |
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describe stable angina
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-lasts 3-5 minutes
-predictable -pt's live with it |
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describe prinzmetal angina
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-relieved with Nitro
-arterial spasm -recurrent at night -seen in stressed out pts |
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describe silent ischemia
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-seen in diabetics. don't feel chest pain d/t neuropathy
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describe PAD
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-atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse limbs: intermittent claudication
-common in diabetics -can cause early onset of ED |
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Preventative treatment after a MI has begun
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if you can get pt effective treatment within 20 minutes of onset, there may be no permanent damage done to the heart.
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indications of stable angina changing to unstable angina
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-new pain
-happens at rest -change in pain and frequency -will see an inverted T wave |
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first treatment when pt comes in with MI?
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-give them oxygen!!
then give aspirin (WATCH FOR ALLERGY) and nitro along with morphine (dilates the vessels) -take vitals -start IV |
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transmural MI indicates...
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ischemia occurring all the way through the tissue
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S/S of pulmonary valve stenosis?
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-increased BP
-pt short of breath with clear lung sounds |
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Damage to the heart causes dysrrhythmias which puts MI pts at risk for what?
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another MI within 24 hours
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describe a cardiac tamponade
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d/t excess fluid in pericardium putting pressure on myocardium
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s/s of MI
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-cool, clammy, short of breath, nauseated, radiating chest pain, diaphoresis
-women: HA and nausea and atypical chest pain: uneasiness |
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describe PAD
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-Patent Arteriosus Ductus
-failure of duct to close within first few weeks of birth, connects pulmonary artery to aorta -pt with NOT be cyanotic |
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s/s of PAD
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-in children: doesn't feed or grow well
-baby is not receiving enough oxygen -baby feeds for 2 minutes then falls asleep |
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treatment of PAD
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-medication to close the duct
-may require surgical repair |
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describe AS defect
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-atrial septril defect
-opening between left and right atria: blood shunts from right to left -cyanotic disorder |
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s/s of AS defect
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short of breath with increased activity
-not usually a big problem |
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describe tetralogy of fallot
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-ventral septal defect
-pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy. -blood can shunt either way |
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s/s of tetralogy of fallot
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-seen in children who run then stop and squat in order to shunt blood back to the heart.
-poor growth, nail clubbing, acute episodes of hypoxia |
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treatment of tetralogy of fallot
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-surgical repair during first year of life
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describe kawasaki disease
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-self limiting vasculitis
-seen mostly in Asian 3-5 yr old boys |
