Pathophysiology, Aids, Cad, Lung Disease

Front 1

AIDS is caused by a virus that contains RNA_____ and is therefore classified as a

Back 1

retrovirus.

Front 2

The two basic HIV serology tests are __

Back 2

ELISA___________ and _Western blot___.

Front 3

. The occurrence of _ in previously healthy homosexual males alerted the CDC to a new or unidentified disease of the immune system.

Back 3

Kaposi_ sarcoma___ and __Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia_

Front 4

HIV has a preference for T cells with the -----marker.

Back 4

(CD4,)

Front 5

In the early stages of HIV infection the major co-receptor for the HIV virus is _

Back 5

CCR5_______.

Front 6

The coreceptor in # 5 is mainly found on _

Back 6

macrophages, _memory cells_, and __Tcells. And some epithelial cells

Front 7

. How does a reverse transcriptase inhibitor work?

Back 7

It inhibits the formation of DNA from RNA

Front 8

How does a protease inhibitor work?

Back 8

They prevent the cutting of large proteins produced from viral mRNA into the smaller subunits that are needed to assemble a virus

Front 9

What is Kaposi sarcoma? What virus is it thought to be caused by?

Back 9

It is a cancer of the lining of vascular tissue. Herpes simplex 8

Front 10

What mutations have been shown to increase resistance to the HIV virus?

Back 10

Mutation in CCR5 mainely in Caucasians of European decent

Front 11

What is meant by the "set point" in AIDS?

Back 11

The early viral load and CD4 cell count that can be used to determine how fast or slow the disease may progress. Both viral load and CD4+ count can be used to indicate how the disease might progress

Front 12

What is the single most important factor that is preventing the development of an effective vaccine against the HIV virus?

Back 12

The high mutation rate

Front 13

What groups are at high risk for AIDS?

Back 13

Individuals with multiple sex partners or those with a single sex partner that has sex with other individuals, IV drug users, babies of infected mothers

Front 14

What is a fusion inhibitor?

Back 14

Fuzeon will prevent the binding of the virus with CD4 and the co receptor

Front 15

What is HAART?

Back 15

Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment. Use the highest safe dose of more than one drug to reduce viral load to non detectible levels

Front 16

What are Integrase Inhibitors?

Back 16

There is one approved which blocks the Insertion of the provIrus into the host DNA

Front 17

AZT is a

Back 17

nuceloside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Front 18

The genome of HIV contains ----genes.

Back 18

9

Front 19

A vaccine against the AID virus which contains HIV genes added to a canary pox virus is in clinical trials.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Follicular dendritic cells are very important in the development of AIDS and the inability to wipe out the virus in an individual.

Back 20

The HIV virus hides in cells of the lymph system such as follicular dendritic cells. The virus is not in the serum. Viral load is low but the virus is with in lymph tissue

Front 21

The three major structural genes associated with HIV are

Back 21

gag, pol and env.

Front 22

Gag codes for

Back 22

capsid and core proteins,

Front 23

pol codes for

Back 23

enzymes

Front 24

env codes for

Back 24

glycoproteins gp 120 and 41

Front 25

The major type of cell in an atheroma is a

Back 25

modified smooth muscle cell. Foam

Front 26

. Familial hypercholesterolemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive or Autosomal dominant

Back 26

Autosomal dominant

Front 27

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are also known as

Back 27

prebeta proteins. Beta.

Front 28

HDL’s are the

Back 28

alpha particle

Front 29

VLDL

Back 29

prebetas are

Front 30

.. Questran (cholestryamine) is a

Back 30

bile acid binding resin. True

Front 31

-------- is the general term used to describe the conditions where the arterial walls undergo changes that reduce their flexibility and elasticity.

Back 31

Arteriosclerosis

Front 32

Macrophages have -------on them. Scavenger

Back 32

LDL receptors

Front 33

A minimally oxidized LDL molecule has had modifications to the --------

Back 33

lipid lecithin and to apoprotein B - 100 . True

Front 34

Statins block the enzyme

Back 34

HMG Co A reductase. True

Front 35

Dietary fats are taken into the blood stream as

Back 35

chylomicrons. True

Front 36

------------- is the drug of choice to reduce pain during an M.I. because it will also reduce _pulmonary edema___?

Back 36

Morphine is the drug of choice to reduce pain during an M.I. because it will also reduce _pulmonary edema___?

Front 37

___ is the radioisotope that move into healthy cells and acts as a potassium analogue.

Back 37

Thallium

Front 38

BRadycardia is most often associated with an _inferior_ M.I. due to blockage in the

Back 38

_Right___ _coronary__ artery.

Front 39

What are the actions of atropine?

Back 39

It inhibits the vagus and is used to treat bradycardia

Front 40

What are the compensations due to a decrease in cardiac output.

Back 40

Immediate compensation is due to activation of Sympathetic nervous system. Hours activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Long term (months and years) hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

Front 41

What is preload?

Back 41

It is due to venous return to the heart and is the stretch on the myocardium which causes a more forceful ejection of blood

Front 42

What is afterload?

Back 42

The pressure in the arterials that must be overcome to move blood forward

Front 43

Explain how compensations to maintain cardiac output can become decompensations.

Back 43

All three compensation increase work load and increase oxygen demand

Front 44

What are the backwards signs of left side heart failure?

Back 44

Pulmonary venous congestion, increased left atrial pressure, increased pulmonary vein pressure

Front 45

What are the forward signs of left side heart failure?

Back 45

A decrease in cardiac output, decreased mean aortic pressure

Front 46

Which enzyme is the first indictor of an M.I.?

Back 46

CPK –MB or CPK 2

Front 47

Why is troponin's used in diagnosing an M.I.?

Back 47

It increases early and is specific to the heart

Front 48

. Nitrates are used to treat angina and pain due to M.I. Explain how they work?

Back 48

They casues vasodilation and increase coronary blood flow

Front 49

What are the signs and symptoms that allow you to determine if the right side of the heart is involved in congestive heart failure?

Back 49

Peripheral edema, increased right ventricular pressure, increased central venous pressure. Hepatomegaly

Front 50

TPA is used to _

Back 50

dissolve_ _clots__.

Front 51

Digoxin is classifed as a _____.

Back 51

cardiac glycoside

Front 52

Which enzyme is used to store cholesterol in a cell

Back 52

( ACAT ).

Front 53

What is pulmonary capillary pressure? Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is the pressure in the capillary bed of lungs How is it measured and what does an increase in it mean?

Back 53

It is measured by a Swan-Gans catheter and when it increases it reflect an increase in Left atrial pressure

Front 54

How do cardiac glycosides work?

Back 54

They work by having positive inotropic effects and negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects

Front 55

. Congestive heart failure is associated with

Back 55

both _metabolic_ and _respiratory acidosis

Front 56

Pulmonary edema is fluid in the lung usually due to

Back 56

congestive heart failure or lung diseases,

Front 57

In which disorder is the heart small and vertical?

Back 57

emphysema

Front 58

Chronic bronchitis is associated with

Back 58

polycytemia

Front 59

Homocysteine levels have been linked to an increase in .

Back 59

Coronary Artery Disease Atheriosclerosis

Front 60

Individuals with gum disease are at a ------- risk for CAD.

Back 60

higher

Front 61

Digoxin is classifed as a _____.

Back 61

cardiac glycoside

Front 62

Which enzyme is used to store cholesterol in a cell

Back 62

( ACAT ).

Front 63

What is pulmonary capillary pressure? Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is the pressure in the capillary bed of lungs How is it measured and what does an increase in it mean?

Back 63

It is measured by a Swan-Gans catheter and when it increases it reflect an increase in Left atrial pressure

Front 64

How do cardiac glycosides work?

Back 64

They work by having positive inotropic effects and negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects

Front 65

. Congestive heart failure is associated with

Back 65

both _metabolic_ and _respiratory acidosis

Front 66

Pulmonary edema is fluid in the lung usually due to

Back 66

congestive heart failure or lung diseases,

Front 67

In which disorder is the heart small and vertical?

Back 67

emphysema

Front 68

Chronic bronchitis is associated with

Back 68

polycytemia

Front 69

Homocysteine levels have been linked to an increase in .

Back 69

Coronary Artery Disease Atheriosclerosis

Front 70

Individuals with gum disease are at a ------- risk for CAD.

Back 70

higher