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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteria
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single cell organism with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. They bind to the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support
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antibiotics
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substances that destroy or inhibit miccroorganisms
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exotoxins
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toxic substances secreated by the bacterial cells during their growth
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endotoxins
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molecules in the walls of certain gram-negative bacteria that are released when the bacterium dies or is destroyed, causing toxic effects on the host body
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septicemia
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the sytemic spead of toxins through the bloodstream. Also called sepsis
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virus
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an organism much smaller than bacterium, visible only under an electron microscope. Viruses invade and live inside the cells of the organisms they infect
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Three lines of defense
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anatomic barriers
inflammatory response immune response |
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antigen
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a marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as "self" or "non-self"
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antibody
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a sunstance produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection
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immune response
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the body's reations that active or eliminate foreign antigens
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immunity
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a long term condition of protection from infection or disease
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natural immunity
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inborn protection against infection of disease
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acquired immunity
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protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after exposure to a anitgen or transferred to the person form an outside source
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lympocytes
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a type of leukocyte that attacks foreign substances as part of the body's immune response
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B lymphocytes
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white blood cells that, in response to the presence of an antigen, produce antibodies that attack the antigen, develope a memory for the antigen, and confer a long term immunity to the antigen
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humoral immunity
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the long term immunity to an antigen provided by antibodies produced by b lymphocytes
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t lymphocytes
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white blood cells that do not product antibodies but instead attack antigens directly
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cell mediated immunity
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the short term immunity to an antigen provided by T lymphocytes, which directly attack the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen
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immunogens
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antigens that are able to trigger an immune response
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Rh blood group
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a group of antigens dicovered on the red blood cells or rhesus monkeys that is also present to some extent in human
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Rh factor
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an antigen in the Rh blood group that is also known as antigen D. About 85% of americans are Rh positive and 15% are Rh negative, if mixed a severe allergic reation may occur
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ABO blood group
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Four blood groups formed by presence or absence of two antigens know as a and b
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inflammation
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the body's response to cellular injury. Develops very swiftly, is nonspecific, and is temporary, leaing to healing
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four functions of inflammation
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destroy and remove unwated substances
wall off the infected and inflamed area stimulate the immune response promote healing |
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mast cells
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large cells, resembling bags of granules, that reside near blood vessels. When stimulated by injury, chemicals, or allergic responses, they active the inflammatory response by degranulating and synthesis
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degranulation
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the emptying of granules from the interior of a mast cell into the extracellular enviroment
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histamine
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a substance realeased during degranulation of mast cells also called basophils that, through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, increase blood flow to the injury site and also increases the permeability of vessel walls
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serotonin
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a substances released by platlets that, through consitriction and dilation of blood vessels, affects blood flwo to an injured or affected site
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chemotactic factors
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chemcials that attract white cells to the site of inflammation
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leukotrienes
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also called slwo reacting substances of anaphylaxis(SRA-A); substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis
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prostaglandins
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substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis, also cause pain
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fibroblasts
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cells that secrete collagen, a critical facotr in wound healing
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pus
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a liquid mixture of dead cells, bits of dead tissue, and tissue fluid that may accumulate in inflammed tissues
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granuloma
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a tumor of growth that forms when foreign bodys that cannot be destroyed by macrophages are surrounded and walled off
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resolution
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the complete healing of a wound and return of tissues to their normal structure and function; the ending of inflammation with no scar formation
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repair
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healing of a wound with scar formation
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outcomes of healing
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resolution- complete restoration of normal structure
repair- scar formation |
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hypersensitivity
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an exaggerated and harmful immune response, and umbrella term for allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity
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allergy
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exaggerated immune response to an enviromental antigen
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autoimmunity
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an immune response to self-antigens, which the body normally tolerates
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isoimmunity
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an immune response to antigens from another member of the same species
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immediate hypersensitivity reaction
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a swiftly occuring secondary hypersensitivity reation(one that occurs after reexposure to an antigen). Usually more severe then delayed hypersensitivity reactions
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delayed hypersensitivity reaction
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a hypersensitivity reation that takes place after the elapse of time following reexposure to an antigen.
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two types of immune deficiency
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congenital
acquried |
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AIDS
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aquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a group of signs, symptoms, and disorders that often develop as a consequence of HIV infection
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that breaks down the immune defenses, making the body vulnerable to a variety of infections and disorders
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stress
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a state of physiological or physical arousal to stimulus
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stressor
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the stimulus or cause of stress
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general adaption syndrome
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a sequence of stress response stages
alarm resistance or adaption exhaustion |
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physiological stress
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a chemcial or physical disturbance in the cells or tissue fluid produced by a change in the external enviroment or within the body
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dynamic steady state
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hemeostasis
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turnover
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the continual synthesis and breakdown of body substances that results in the dynamis steady state
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psychoneuroimmunological regulation
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the interactions of phychological, neurological/endoctrine, and immunilogical factors that contribute to alteration of the immune system as an outcome of stress response that is not quickyl resolved
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stress response
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changes within the body initiated by a stressor
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hormones produced in response to stress
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catecholamines
norepinephrine epinephrine cortisol beta endorphins growth hormone prolactine |
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cortisol
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a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, and potassium, and proteins and also has an antiinflmmatory response effect
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