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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are cells composed of?
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Mainly water (85%) & protein
A smaller fraction consists of lipids, carbohydrates, trace elements, and ions |
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What roles do the lesser constituents of the cell play?
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Catalysts & co-factors in the activity of enzymes, in transport systems, & in maintenance of osmotic and pH homeostasis
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Basal lamina
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Amorphous outer cell coating;
partially surrounding many/all cells; important for survival and for regeneration of cells following injury |
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How big is the intercellular space?
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100-200 Angstroms
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What force maintains the intercellular space?
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Electrostatic forces of repulsion
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What are the constituents of the intercellular space?
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A watery gel of protein, carbohydrates, & extracellular fluid
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Types of Junctions between cells
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Gap junctions
Desmosomes (macula adherens) Occluding junctions |
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Gap junctions
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clusters of protein channels & microfilaments that allow direct and rapid exchange of small ions and molecules between cells
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Occluding junctions
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Located where the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse
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What are the general roles of junctions?
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To regulate intercellular communication & fluid movement between cells; anchor cells together to create the stable organized structure of tissues
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Eosin
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A standard cytology dye; turns cells pink
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Are cells basic or acidic?
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Slightly basic and can retain acid dyes ("acidophilia")
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Mitochondrial enzymes include:
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oxidases, reductases, and dehydrogenases, as well as many enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and fatty acid breakdown
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Synonym for smooth endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)
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Agranular endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)
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Where are mixed function oxidases (ie. CYP 450) mainly located?
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Smooth ER
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Which cells have a large quantity of SER?
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Hepatocytes, hormone secreting cells of testis and ovary, and cortical cells of the adrenal
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Which ER is involved in metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and steroid metabolism?
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Smooth ER
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Which ER is involved in protein synthesis?
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Rough ER because of its attached ribosomes
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Protein synthesis occurs in:
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ribosomes attached to ER, clusters of unattached ribosomes, polyribosomal granules (polysomes)
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How do SER and RER adjust to the demands of the cell?
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They can rapidly increase/decrease in abundance.
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Roles of the Golgi complex:
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package proteins for export from cell, aggregate and secrete products synthesized by SER & RER, glycoproteins and lipoproteins are formed here, many posttranslational modifications occurs here
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What is a lysosome?
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Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest effete organelles & foreign particles, ie. bacteria.
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What are the different lysosomes?
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Primary lysosomes are poised to respond but have not yet been called to respond. Secondary lysosomes are fused with organelles and are actively digesting them. These are called cytosomes & cytosegresomes
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3 lysosomal storage diseases associated with deficiency conditions:
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Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency)
Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency), Niemann-Pick disease (sphingomyelinase deficiency) |
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What is a lethal lysosomal malfunction?
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When lysosomes leak out of the cell.
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2 Intracellular degradation systems & mechanisms
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Lysosomal degradation system- acid hydrolases
Proteasomal degradation systems- proteases |
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Residual bodies & lipofuscin
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debris from destroyed targets of lysosomes contain a brown pigment termed lipofuscin
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Parkinson's disease pathology
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Abnormal proteosomal degradation of neurons
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Ubiquitin
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A molecular "tag" for a protein that needs to be degraded in the proteasome
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Diameters of: Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
Microfilaments - 5 nm
Intermediate filaments - 10 nm Microtubules - 22 nm |
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Proteins in: Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
Microfilaments: actin, myosin
Intermediate filaments: epithelia-keratins, mesenchyma-vimentin, muscle-desmin & troponin, glia-GFAP, nerve-neurofilament Microtubules: tubulin |
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Functions of: Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
Microfilaments- contraction, membrane reinforcement, cell scaffold
Intermediate filaments-structure, support Microtubules-structure, transport, cell division, motility |
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The mitotic spindle is composed of which cytoskeletal filament?
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Microtubules
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The protein in epithelial intermediate filaments is
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Keratins
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The protein in mesenchymal intermediate filaments is
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Vimentin
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The 2 proteins in muscle intermediate filaments is
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Desmin & troponin
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The protein in nerve intermediate filaments is
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Neurofilament
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Is the nucleus acidic/basic?
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The nucleus is acidic and stains with basic dyes "basophilic"
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Hematoxylin
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Basic dye to stain nucleus
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Barr body
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Inactive X chromosome; dense clump of chromatin attached to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane
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Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin
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Heterochromatin-highly condensed & inactive transcription
Euchromatin-not condensed and actively transcriped |
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The protein in glial cell intermediate filaments is
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Glial fibrillary astrocytic protein (GFAP)
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In what percentage of a female's cells contain a Barr body?
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50%
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What term means "irregular shrinkage and wrinkling of the nucleus?"
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Pyknosis
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What term means "fragmentation of the nucleus?"
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Karyorrhexis
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What term means " decrease in basophilia?"
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"Fading"
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In what percentage of a female's cells contain a Barr body?
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50%
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What term means "irregular shrinkage and wrinkling of the nucleus?"
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Pyknosis
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What term means "fragmentation of the nucleus?"
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Karyorrhexis
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What term means " decrease in basophilia?"
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Karyolysis or nuclear fading
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What are the 3 different nuclear changes? What do they indicate?
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Karyolysis, Pyknosis, & Karyorrhexis, indicate cell death
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Lesions of reversible injury is called
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Degeneration
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When can you see evidence of cell death under a microscope?
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A few hours after the injured cell has actually died.
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Adaptation of the liver cell in the chronic user of barbiturates
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SER's hydroxylating enzymes detoxify the barbiturates, oxidative demethylation of the drug; high levels of drug induce SER synthesis of the enzyme; greater ability to detoxify; and drug tolerance ensues
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Hypertrophy
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Cell enlargement in size due to increased work demand
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"Permanent" cells
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Have lost their ability to divide and will hypertrophy in response to increased work loads
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When a cell enlarges in size but not number, what happens to the mitochondria & nuclei?
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Nuclei size is enlarged, mitochondria enlarges in size and number.
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Decompensation
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Patients w/ high b.p. & cardiac enlargement develop heart failure b/c reached maximum enlargement
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Hyperplasia
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Cells increase in number due to increased work demand; may or may not be controlled cell proliferation
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Do the cells that undergo hyperplasia have the ability to undergo mitosis?
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Yes, that explains why they increase in number.
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Labile cells
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Cells that undergo continuous renewal through mitosis (bone marrow, skin, gastrointestinal epithelia)
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Atrophy
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Decrease in cell size due to decreased work load, disuse (disuse atrophy), diminished blood supply (vascular atrophy) or loss of endocrine stimulation (endocrine atrophy)
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Can a cell survive after atrophy?
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Yes, but at a lower level of function
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True or False?
Small organ size = Atrophy |
False, b/c it could also be hypoplasia, apalasia or agenesis
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Hypoplasia
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Developmental failure to achieve full size because of below normal number of cells. Less drastic than aplasia.
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Aplasia & Agenesis
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Total failure of the structure to develop
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Do the hepatocytes of a normal uninjured adult liver undergo mitosis?
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Rarely; liver cells usually live as long as its human host; it only mitoses if there's damage
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Types of Hyperplasia
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Physiologic hyperplasia
Endocrine hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia Pathologic hyperplasia |
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Reparative proliferation
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Controlled cell proliferation to replace lost cells
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Physiologic hyperplasia
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ie. Hyperplasia in the glandular epithelium of breast @ puberty, pregnancy, & lactation
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Compensatory hyperplasia
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ie. Enlargement of one kidney when the other is destroyed or removed
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Endocrine Hyperplasia
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ie. Postmenstrual regrowth of the uterine endometrium during a woman's reproductive life (also reparative proliferation)
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Pathologic hyperplasias
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many induced by excessive hormonal stimulation of target cells (ie. abnormal endometrial hyperplasia produced by excessive estrogen stimulation in pts with ovarian tumors); may or may not lead to uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation
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Examples of controlled cell proliferation -> uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation
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Endometrial hyperplasia -> endometrial cancer
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Metaplasia
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Adaptive substitution of one mature type of adult cell for another mature cell type more capable of meeting the stress; usu cell regresses in specializaton
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What occurs in metaplasia of epithelial tissue? Is it reversible?
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Columnar mucus-secreting cells replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells, ie. in gallbladder, trachea, bronchi, etc. Yes, almost always reversible
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What occurs in metaplasia of connective tissue?
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Injury to soft tissue causes fibroblasts to be turned into osteoblasts, and bone may be formed.
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What is myositis ossificans and is it reversible?
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Muscle becoming bone is usu irreversible
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Dysplasia
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Most severe and disorderly non-neoplastic transformation in epithelia; loss of regularity in cells
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Is dysplasia reversible?
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Yes
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True or false?
The more frequent mitoses occur, the higher the chances of cells to deter from normal homeostatis. |
Believed to be true because there's more chances for mutation
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Atypical metaplasia
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Bridge between the orderly patterns of metaplasia and disorderly patterns of dysplasia
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Greek root for plasia
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Plasis=shape, forming, molding
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What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?
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Epithelial metaplasia leading to keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory passages and the renal calyces and pelvis.
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