Pathophysiology

Front 1

Endocardial and valvular structures may be

damaged by:

Back 1

› Inflammation and scarring

› Calcification
› Congenital malformations

Front 2

Endocardial and valvular disease cause

Back 2

altered hemodynamics of the heart and increase myocardial workload

Front 3

What is Stenosis?

Back 3

failure of the valve to open completely results in extra pressure work for the heart

Front 4

What is Regurgitation?

Back 4

inability of a valve to close completely results in extra volume work for the heart

Front 5

Mitral Stenosis is known as:

Back 5

Blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle is impaired during ventricular diastole

LOW PITCHED, diastolic murmer

Front 6

Mitral Stenosis

Increased pressure of the left atrium leads to what?

Back 6

atrial chamber enlargement and hypertrophy

Front 7

Mitral Stenosis can lead to what?

Back 7

chronic pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right-sided heart failure

Front 8

Mitral Regurgitation

Back 8

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole

HIGH PITCHED, PANSYSTOLIC< BLOWING MURMER

Front 9

Mitral Regurgitation

WHat occurs due to extra volume?

Back 9

Left atrium and ventricle dilate and hypertrophy

Front 10

Mitral Regurgitation may lead to what type of heart failure?

Back 10

Left sided

Front 11

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Back 11

Displacement of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during ventricular systole

Midsystolic click or systolic murmur

Front 12

Mitral Valve Prolapse

complications may include:

Back 12

infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, cerebral embolic events, and progression to mitral regurgitation

Front 13

Aortic Stenosis

Predominant cause is:

Back 13

age-related calcium deposits on the aortic cusps

Front 14

Aortic Stenosis

Results in:

Back 14

obstruction of aortic outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta during systole

Front 15

Aortic Stenosis is known as Crescendo-decrescendo murmur during

Back 15

Ventricular systole with prominent S4

Front 16

Aortic Regurgitation

Back 16

Incompetent aortic valve allows blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole

Front 17

Aortic Regurgitation

leads to:

Back 17

left ventricle hypertrophy and dilation with eventual left-sided HF

Front 18

Aortic Regurgitation is characterized as:

Back 18

High-pitched blowing murmur during ventricular diastole

Front 19

What is Rheumatic heart disease?

Back 19

Acute inflammatory disease that follows

infection with group A β-hemolytic

streptococci

Front 20

Rheumatic heart disease

The antibodies against the streptococcal antigens damage what?

Back 20

connective tissue in joints

heart

skin

Front 21

Rheumatic heart disease occurs mainly in what age?

Back 21

children

Front 22

What is Infective endocarditis?

Back 22

Invasion and colonization of endocardial

structures by microorganisms with resulting

inflammation—vegetations

Front 23

Most common bacteria for Infective endocarditis?

Back 23

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus