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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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general etiology of chromosomal problems is?
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clastogens
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chromosomal problems associated with number
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aneuploidy
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chromosomal problems associated with structure
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translocation
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aneuploidy is caused by
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nondisjunction
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nondisjunction results in what
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monosomy or polysomy
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two things
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example of monosomy
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turner's syndrome
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example of polysomy
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trisomy 21, aka down's
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example of translocation
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Philadelphia chromosome
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Philadelphia chromosome
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gene that makes WBCs is fused and malfunctions. leads to CML
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single-gene disorders
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punnett squares
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autosomal recessive
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sickle cell. HAS: ss
NOT: Ss/ SS |
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autosomal dominant
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PKD. HAS: Pp/ PP
NOT: pp |
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sex-linked
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on the X chromosome only. hemophilia. HAS: XhY
NOT: XhXH |
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normal metabolic processes
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eating->carb breakdown-> glucose-> insulin
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eating, then what?
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manifestations
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signs and symptoms
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etiology
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cause of disease
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morbidity
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the degree of being diseased
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comorbidity
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two or more coexisting medical conditions
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mortality
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usual death rate of a disease
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sequela
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complications, "outcome"
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fulminating
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rapid, sudden, and/or severe
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exacerbations
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when S & S become more severe
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iatrogenic
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problem occurs due to medical treatment
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precipitating factor
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a condition or event that triggers a pathologic event or disorder
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congenital
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any abnormality that is present at birth
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teratogenic
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anything that interferes with normal prenatal development
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nondisjunction
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distribution problem
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monosomy
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too few
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ischemia
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not enough O2
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too much glucose is stored into ______ and it is called ________
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glycogen
glycogenesis |
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glucagon does what? this process is called what?
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breaks down glycogen
glycogenolysis |
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what is gluconeogenesis
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when glycagon reserves are used up, fats and proteins are used
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sequela of problems with prolonged use of gluconeogenesis
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ketones
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sequela of hypoxia
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not enough ATP and too much pyruvic acid
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metabolic acidosis
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low pH, low HCO3, compensation by lungs by hyperventilating
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respiratory acidosis
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low pH, normal HCO3, compensation by kidneys
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what happens when cations are reduced in a cell?
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hyperpolarized
sluggishness |
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what happens when more cations go into a cell?
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positive state
hypopolarized muscle spasm and twitching Chvostek's |
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compartments and what changes first
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plasma space-> fluid shift-> interstitial space-> intracellular space
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normal serum osmolality
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280-295
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water loss =
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higher concentration of solutes
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hypersolute
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RAAS
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hyposolute
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natriuretic system
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hyperosmolar plasma space
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fluid sucked in by interstitial space, then cells
dehydration |
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hypoosmolar plasma space
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edema
fluid sucked in by interstitial space |
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etiology
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cause of disease
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morbidity
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the degree of being diseased
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comorbidity
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two or more coexisting medical conditions
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mortality
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usual death rate of a disease
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sequela
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complications, "outcome"
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fulminating
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rapid, sudden, and/or severe
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exacerbations
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when S & S become more severe
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iatrogenic
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problem occurs due to medical treatment
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precipitating factor
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a condition or event that triggers a pathologic event or disorder
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congenital
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any abnormality that is present at birth
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teratogenic
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anything that interferes with normal prenatal development
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nondisjunction
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distribution problem
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monosomy
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too few
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ischemia
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not enough O2
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too much glucose is stored into ______ and it is called ________
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glycogen
glycogenesis |
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normal cell death
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apoptosis
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abnormal/pathological cell death
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necrosis
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swelling of cells
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oncosis
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free radical is in a highly, reactive ____ state
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oxidized
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superoxide
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a type of ROS (reactive oxygen species)
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how does the body counteract free radicals?
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by producing special enzymes such as superoxide dismutase
using vitamins C and E as reducing agents |
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-oma
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benign
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decubitus
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bed sore
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atrophy
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decrease or shrinkage in cellular size
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hypertrophy
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increase in size of cells and organ
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hyperplasia
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increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division
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metaplasia
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reversible replacement of one mature cell by another type of mature cell
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dysplasia
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abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
"pre-cancer" |
also, another term for it
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another name for tumor
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neoplasm
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TNM
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T= size of tumor
N= extent of spread to lymph nodes M= distant metastasis |
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