Pathophysiology

Front 1

Injurious stimuli include;

Back 1

Chemical agents, free radicals, hypoxia, infectious agents, physical & mechanical factors, immunologic reactions, genetic factors & nutritional imbalances.

Front 2

What is reperfusion injury?

Back 2

p cells suffer from lack of O2 & are damaged the restoration of O2 can cause further membrane damage by the generation of high reactive O2 intermediates, including hydroxyl radical, superoxide & hydrogen peroxide.

Front 3

What can reduce the amount of damage caused by reperfusion injury?

Back 3

Antioxidants
Expecially superoxide dismutase (SOD) beta-carotene & vitamin E.

Front 4

4 intracellular systems are:

Back 4

1.Cell membrane-regulates what comes in & goes out.
2.Aerobic respiration-O2 & ATP
3.Enzymatic & structural protein synthesis
4.Preservation of the integrity of the genetic apparatus of the cell

Front 5

Why do free radicals cause cellular injury?

Back 5

They have an unpaired electron. This makes the molecule unstable. To stabilize itself, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. It forms injurious chemical bonds w/proteins, lipids, & carbohydrates & nucleic acids.

Front 6

What is Coagulative Necrosis?

Back 6

Commonly follows interruption of blood supply to any organ(except brain)
Generally the kidneys, heart, or adrenal glands.
Coagulation is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state.

Front 7

What is Fat Necrosis?

Back 7

Lipase breaks down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids.
Free fatty acids + sodium magnesium & calcium produce soap.
Tissue becomes opaque and chalky white.

Front 8

During the vascular response of inflammation there is a release of chemical mediators by:

Back 8

Mast cells
Platelets

Front 9

During the vascular response of inflammation immediate vasoconstriction is caused by:

Back 9

Nerve reflexes

Front 10

Inflammation
What is margination?

Back 10

Adherence of leukocytes to blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation.

Front 11

Inflammation
What is pavementing?

Back 11

(coblestone appearence) Leukocytes adhere to the capillary lining.

Front 12

Inflammation
What is Immigration?

Back 12

Passage of leukocytes through the capillaries to the damaged tissue.

Front 13

Inflammation
What is Chemotaxis?

Back 13

Directional movement of leukocytes to the injured area.

Front 14

During the vascular response of inflammation what occurs regarding capillary permeability?

Back 14

Plasma protein & fluid shift into interstitial the space (causing an accumulition of fluid). Leading to a dilution of toxic materials at the site of injury. Globulin serves as antibodies. Fibrinogen localizes the injurious agent (surrounds damaged tissue, to aid in phagocytosis) then Cellular response takes place.

Front 15

Inflammation
What is cellular response?

Back 15

Process during which leukocytes are attracted to the area of inlammation as damaged cells release their contents.

Front 16

In response to inflammation what do neutrophils do?

Back 16

They are the 1st leukocytes to arrive at the inflamed site. They ingest bacteria, dead cells, & cellular debris then die & are removed as pus through the epithelium or the lymphatic system.

Front 17

In response to inflammation what do basophils do?

Back 17

Release histimine, which causes constriction of vascular smooth muscles, dilation of capillaries & retraction of endothelial cells linging the capillaries, which increases vascular permeability.

Front 18

In response to inflammation what do esinophils do?

Back 18

Allergic responses.
(esinophils help to control the inflammatory response or act directly against parasites)

Front 19

In response to inflammation what do T lymphocytes do?

Back 19

They are active in cell-mediated immunity.

Front 20

In response to inflammation what do B lymphocytes do?

Back 20

Produce antibodies.

Front 21

In response to inflammation what do Monocytes & macrophages do?

Back 21

They perform many of the same functions as neutrophils (phagocytosis) but for a longer time & later in the inflammatory response.

Front 22

What are mast cells?

Back 22

A large tissue cell which is essential for inflammatory reactions. They are covered with IgE molecules, which bind with foreign antigens and stimulate degranulation, releasing such mediators as histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and proteinases from densely packed granules within the cytoplasm.

Front 23

What immunologic processes contribute to aging?

Back 23

A decrease in T-cell function & the production of abnormal monoclonal antibodies.

Front 24

What is the free radical theory?

Back 24

A increased # of unstable free radicals produce effects harmful to biologic systems.

Front 25

Cellular Death
Cross-link theory

Back 25

strong chemical bonding between organic molecules in the body causes increased stiffness, chemical insolubility & insolubility of connective tissue and DNA.