Pathophysiology

Front 1

The sum of fluids within all body compartments

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Total Body Water (TBW)

Front 2

Comprises all the fluid within the cell (about 2/3 of TBW)

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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

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Term for all the fluid outside the cell (1/3 of TBW)

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Extracellular Fluids

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The space between cells and outside blood vessels

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Interstitial fluid

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Blood plasma is considered as

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Intravascular fluid

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Facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space

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Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Blood Pressure)

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Osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

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Capillary (Plasma) oncotic pressure

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Facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary

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Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Front 9

Osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space

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Interstitial oncotic pressure

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Term for the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

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Edema

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Mosquito bite is considered as

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Localized edema

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Edema in lungs is termed as

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Pleural effusion

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Edema in the heart is termed as

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Pericardial effusion

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Edema in the peritoneum is termed as

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Ascites

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Term for generalized edema

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Anasarca

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Edema in the feet is called

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Pitting edema

Front 17

Effect of this hormone is fluid retention (won't peeee)

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Antidiuretic hormone

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What is RAAS

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Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Front 19

It is the natural antagonist of RAAS

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Natriuretic Peptides

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Angiotensin 2 is a

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Vasoconstrictor

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It is the tendency of biological systems to MAINTAIN relatively constant condition in the body

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Homeostasis

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The fluid intake is NOT sufficient is called

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Fluid volume deficit

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Fluid intake EXCEEDS the fluid needs of the body

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Fluid Volume Excess

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It is the diffusion of water cased by fluid gradient

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Osmosis

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It is the ability of solutes to cause osmotic driving forces

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Tonicity

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Reflects the concentration of fluid that affects the movement of water between fluid compartments by osmosis

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Osmolarity

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It is the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosic

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Osmotic pressure

Front 28

Decrease of water volume in the blood is called

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Hypovolemia

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Loss of 1-2 L of water (2% of Body weight) is called

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Mild dehydration

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Loss of 3-5 L of water (5% of body water)

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Moderate Dehydration

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Loss of 5-10 L of water (8% of body weight)

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Severe Dehydration

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When there is excessive fluid loss give...

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Flurosemide

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Fever, hyperglycaemia, burns, blood loss are signs of

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Hypovolemia

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These are for the reabsorption of water and SODIUM (2)

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ADH and ALDOSTERONE

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Weight loss, Increase thirst, Decrease of Urine Output, decrease in BP, and Flat jugular veins are signs of

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Dehydration

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A sudden change in position, decrease in BP is termed as

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Postural hypotension

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Less tham 30ml/hour of urine output is called

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Oliguria

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Increase in vascular system is called

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Hypervolemia

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Increase in Interstitial space is callee

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Third spacing or Edema

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Iso-osmolar (isotonic) fluid volume excess causes (2)

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Fluid overloading and failure to excrete fluid

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Massive water retention is called

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Anasarca

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Decrease transport of proteins is called

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Lymphatic Obstruction

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Fluid imbalance depends on...

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SODIUM and its anions

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What are the Anions of Sodium

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Chloride and Bicarbonate

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Hyper osmolar imbalance is also known as

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Hypertonic Imbalance

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Hypo Osmolar is also known as

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Hypotonic Imbalance (water intoxication)

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ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE:

Chemicals that carry electrical charges are called

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Electrolytes (duuuh)

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Main organ that works to keep electrolyte concentration in the blood constant

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Kidneys

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Normal range for Phosphate

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1.2 -3.0 mEq/L

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Normal range for Magnesium

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1.5-2.5 mEq/L

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Normal range for potassium

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3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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Normal range for Calcium

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4.5-5.5 mEq/L

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Normal range for chloride

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90-110 mEq/L

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Normal range for Sodium

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135-145 mEq/L

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It is the most common electrolyte disorder (>135 mEq/L)

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Hyponatremia

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It is associated with water loss or sodium gain (<145 mEq/L)

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Hypernatremia

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Where the salt is...

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Water moves in to maintain water balance

Front 58

This electrolyte if high decreases the myocardial contractility

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Hypernatremia

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This electrolyte is for normal nerve conduction and muscle functions

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Potassium

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Term for low in potassium (>3.5 mEq/L)

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Hypokalemeia

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Elevation of potassium is called (<5 mEq/L)

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Hyperkalemia

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The most reliable tool in indentifying intracellular potassium level is

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ECG!!!!

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Term for less calcium in the body (> 4.5 mEq/L)

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Hypocalcemia

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Deficiency of this hormone can cause hypocalcemia

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Parathyroid hormone

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This chemical is used to maintain the freshness of blood in blood packs

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Citrate

Front 66

Touch the facial nerve and (+) twitching of the upper lip is what sign?

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Chvostek's Sign

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Hand and finger spasm when blood flow is decreased is what sign ?

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Trousseaus's Sign

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High in potassium (>5.5 mEq/L)

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Hypercalcemia

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This condition might cause hypercalcemia due to high in P.thyroid hormone

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Hyperparathyroidism

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This promote calcium retention

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Hypophosphatemia

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If patient is always lying down _______ will form in the kidney (milk)

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Calcium stones

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This vitamin help absorbs calcium

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Vitamin D

Front 73

Low phosphate is called (<1.2 mEq/L)

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Hypophosphatemia

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1. Long term lack of intake

2. Increased growth and tissue repair

3. Malnourished

4. Excessive intake of ANTACIDS

Can cause...

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Hypophosphatemia

Front 75

High phosphate is called (>2.5 mEq/L)

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Hyperphosphatemia

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Most common cause of hyperphosmatemia is

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Renal failure

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High in phosphorus will lead to

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Low in calcium and vice versa

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Low in magnesium is called (<1.2 mEq/L)

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Hypomagnesemia

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High in magnesium is called

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Hypermagnesemia

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This is absent if high in magnesium

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Deep tendon reflex (DTR)

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Over use of thus antacid can cause hypermagnesemia

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AlmagOH