Pathophys Quiz 1

Front 1

What is an atom?

Back 1

a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons

Front 2

What is an ion?

Back 2

an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative charge

Front 3

What are cells?

Back 3

basic structural and functional units containing numerous organelles, chemicals and the genetic material allowing it to adapt, repair and reproduce itself

Front 4

What is the goal of the cell?

Back 4

Homeostasis

Front 5

what happens if adaptation capability is exceeded by external stress?

Back 5

cell injury--->either cell repairs it, there's permanent damage, or cell death occurs

Front 6

what is irreversible cell injury? and the 5 causes?

Back 6

once necrosis/apoptosis has begun.
causes: toxins, ischemia, infections, immune reactions, natural causes (aging)

Front 7

function of cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

Back 7

the gatekeeper; it has selective permeability through its double layer phospholipids (long chain of fatty acids, mosaic pattern)

Front 8

function of the cytoplasm (protoplasm)?

Back 8

-viscous, translucent, watery- primary component of cell which contains the organelles(cells metabolic units that perform specific functions)
-contains inorganic ions (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium) and naturally occurring organic compounds (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)
{Inorganic ions -electrolytes- maintain acid/base balance in ICF , and inclusions (non-functioning units- usually temporary – like melanin and glycogen
Glycolysis takes place here – breaking down sugar to produce pyruvic acid and ATP (small amount)

Front 9

*Where does Glycolysis take place and what is it?

Back 9

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm – breaking down sugar to produce pyruvic acid and ATP (small amount)

Front 10

What is fx of the Nucleus of a cell?

Back 10

mission control-
contains:
1. nucleoli
2. chromosomes-- direct protein synthesis(DNA/RNA)

Front 11

What is Cellular Respiration?

Back 11

Cellular respiration allows organisms to use (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose.
In respiration, glucose is oxidized and thus releases energy. Oxygen is reduced to form water.

Front 12

The complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water requires what two major steps?

Back 12

1) glycolysis
2) aerobic respiration. 
*Glycolysis produces two ATP (cytoplasm).

Front 13

In Oxidative Phosphoylation, how many more ATP are produced by aerobic pathways if oxygen is present?

Back 13

Thirty-four

Front 14

what is the first sign of cellular injury?

Back 14

cellular (hydropic) swelling- it is reversible. then fatty change, also reversible.

Front 15

what is radiation?

Back 15

high energy(ionizing) gamma rays and x-rays- can damage tissue and cause cellular swelling

Front 16

what is hyperplasia?

Back 16

an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Front 17

what is metaplasia?

Back 17

the transformation of one differentiated cell type into another. It is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced with another adult cell type.

Front 18

what is cell atrophy?

Back 18

decrease in cell size or number

Front 19

at what age does very gradual loss of stem cell activity and atrophy of cells begin?

Back 19

20

Front 20

at a microscopic level the aging process is:

Back 20

1. mitochondrial activity is reduced
-decrease energy (ATP) released<< capacity for repair – distortion of organelles
2.exogenous influences eventually exceed the cells regenerative powers
3.genetically pre-determined

Front 21

What are the 2 types of cell calicification/abnormal deposits of calcium salts?

Back 21

dystrophic calcification & tissue necrosis

Front 22

what is metastatic calcification and what are the 2 circumstances that cause it?

Back 22

Increase in calcium phosphate in the blood(hypercalcemia) –
TWO circumstances:
1)Parathyroid overactivity- a)Tumour(adenoma) b)hyperplasia(tertiary)
2)Vitamin D overstorage

Calcification can lead to:
-Widespread deposition in alkaline environments
- Calcium deposits in kidneys (renal stones),arteries, lungs

Front 23

Where does inflammation take place?

Back 23

LIVING tissue, not dead tissue!

Front 24

what is the fx of substance P?

Back 24

mediator of pain

Front 25

what are the 5 classical signs of acute inflammatory reaction?

Back 25

Redness – rubor
Heat – calor
Swelling – tumor
Pain – dolor
Loss of function – functiolaesa

Front 26

what is Exudation?

Back 26

Increased passing of protein- rich fluid through vessel wall

Front 27

what increases Efficiency of Phagocytosis?

Back 27

Opsonins formation

Front 28

what are the side effects of macrophagic activity?

Back 28

Liberation of enzymes and oxidizing agents into adjacent healthy tissue> FREE RADICALS ARE FORMED WITH OXIDATION

Front 29

Two components of inflammation?

Back 29

vascular, cellular

Front 30

One of the most complex and crucial aspects of inflammation?

Back 30

Mast cell activation

Front 31

what is neurogenic switching?

Back 31

stimulus at one site leading to inflammation at a distant site

Front 32

why is neurogenic switching important?

Back 32

Thought to be mechanism for migraines, food allergy induced asthma, fibromyalgia, arthritis, urticaria(hives)