Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the three layers of blood vessel
|
2) tunica media - middle layer, smooth muscle 3) tunic adventitia (externa) - connective tissue with fibrocytes, collagen type I and elastic fibers |
|
|
what are the components of blood
|
2) cellular component - erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
|
what is hematopoiesis
|
creating of different blood cells from originator blood cell |
|
|
what are erythrocytes - describe them
|
no nucleus in mature state contain hemoglobin life span 120 days |
|
|
what is eryothropoietin |
produced in kidney - stimulates erythrocyte production |
|
|
what is hemostasis, what are the three steps
|
1)vasoconstriction or vascular spasm 2) platelet clot 3) coagulation mechanism plasmin breaks down the blood clot |
|
|
what is blood typing based on |
presence of antigens in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes |
|
|
what antigen is involved in the Rh system of blood typing
|
presence = Rh+ absence of antigen = Rh- |
|
|
what is complete blood count
|
|
|
|
what is leukocytosis
|
associated with inflammation or infection |
|
|
what is leukopenia |
associated with viral infections, radiation, chemotherapy |
|
|
what is the cause of increased of eosinophils
|
common in allergic responses |
|
|
what is a morphology test
|
can differentiated types of anemia |
|
|
what is hematocrit
|
percent by volume of cellular elements in blood |
|
|
what is mean corpuscular volume
|
indicates oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
|
|
what is recticulocyte count indicate
|
assess bone marrow function |
|
|
chemical analysis of blood
|
|
|
|
what does bleeding measure
|
measured platelet function
|
|
|
what is prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time |
international normalized ratio - standardized version |
|
|
what is thrombocytopenia
|
causes bleeding into tissue, bruising and slow blood clotting |
|
|
what to give for severe anemia or thrombocytopenia |
whole blood, packed red blood cells, packed platelets |
|
|
why do we give plasma/colloid volume expanding solution |
to maintain blood volume |
|
|
what are artificial blood products |
none can perform complex functions of normal whole blood |
|
|
what is epoetin alfa
|
artificial form of erythropoietin since erythropoietin is normally made by kidney can be given when chronic renal failure can be given when anemia can be given before surgery |
|
|
when are bone marrow or stem cell transplants performed
|
close tissue match necessary treatment of some cancers severe immunodeficiency severe blood cell diseases |
|
|
what does dyscrasias mean
|
blood disorder |
|
|
what is anemia
|
hemoglobin deficit |
|
|
what does anemia lead to |
less energy made, reduce cell metabolism, reproduction compensatory mechanisms start - tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction general signs - fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia |
|
|
what does oxygen deficit due to anemia lead to
|
digestive tract becomes inflamed and ulcerated leading to stomatitis inflamed cracked lips dysphasia hair and skin may show degenerative changes |
|
|
what does severe anemia lead to
|
angina or congestive heart failure |
|
|
what is iron deficiency anemia
|
anemia due to insufficient iron - impairs hemoglobin synthesis sign of underlying problems one in five women is affected |
|
|
what are some causes of anemia
|
-chronic blood loss -impaired absorption of iron by duodenum -severe liver disease |
|
|
what are signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
|
fatigue lethargy, cold intolerance irritability degenerative changes stomatitis and gloassitis menstrual irregulatiries delayed healing tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea, syncope |
|
|
what is pernicious anemia
|
lack of absorption of vitamin B12 due to no intrinsic factor - thus no intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 results in large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes, carry less hemoglobin, shorter life span |
|
|
characteristics of pernicious anemia
|
-rarely caused by dietary insufficiency -genetic factors - light skinned European women -accompanies chronic gastritis -can be outcome of gastric surgery |
|
|
relationship between vitamin B12 and nerve cells
|
-can cause symptoms to peripheral nerves may be reversible |
|
|
some manifestations of B12 deficiency
|
-enlarged, red, sore shiny tongue -digestive discomfort, with nausea and diarrhea -pins and needles in limbs |
|
|
what are some diagnostic tests for pernicious anemia
|
-microscopic examination of erythrocytes -bone marrow examination (hyperactive) -vitamin B12 serum levels below normal -hypochlorhydria - low hydrochloric acid secretions in stomach -achlorhydria - absence of gastric acid |
|
|
what is aplastic anemia
|
temporary or permanent can be idiopathic - cause is unknown or myelotoxins - radiation, chemicals, drugs viruses such as hep C genetics - myelodysplastic syndrome, fanconi's anemia |
|
|
what is what is pancytopenia
|
deficiency of all three components of blood - red, white cells and platelets
|
|
|
how is aplastic anemia related to pancytopenia
|
anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia bone marrow biopsy may be required erythrocytes often appear normal -life threatening if not treated -need to remove bone marrow suppressants to allow bone marrow recovery |
|
|
what is hemolytic anemia
|
caused by genetic defects, immune reaction, change in blood chemistry infection - malaria toxins in blood antigen-antibody reactions due to incompatible blood transfusion or erythroblastosis fetalis - maternal antibodies transmitted to fetus via placenta = incompatible Rh factors antigen D between mother and fetus= resulting in hemolytic anemia = abnormal breakdown of red blood cells |
|
|
sickle cell anemia
|
homozygous recessive |
