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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Cellular Adaptation?
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* Atrophy
* Hypertrophy * Hyperplasia * Dysplasia * Metaplasia MAHHDM |
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Types of Cellular Adaptation?
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Atrophy - decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - increase in cell size Hyperplasia - increase in the number of cells Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia) - changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells Metaplasia - reversible replacement of a cell by another MAHHDM |
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Types of Atrophy
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Physiologic - during early development
Pathologic - other reasons, such as: decreases in workload, use, pressure, stimulation, blood supply, nutrition, etc. |
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What can cause Pathologic atrophy?
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decreases in workload, use, pressure, stimulation, blood supply, nutrition,hormonal stimulation, and nervous simulation
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Types of Hyperplasia?
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Compensatory - enables some organs to regenerate
Hormonal - chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs (uterus & breast) Pathologic - excessive hormones or growth factors |
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General causes of Cell Injury?
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1. Hypoxia - lack of sufficient oxygen
2. Free Radicals & Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - 3. Caustic or toxic Chemicals 4. Infectious agents 5a. Blunt force injuries 5b. Sharp force injuries 6. Inflamatory responses 7. Immune responses 8. genetic factors. 9. Insuficient nutrients. 10. Physical trauma |
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Categories of Cell Injury?
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1. acute or chronic
2. reversible or irreversiable 3. can involve necrosis, apoptosis, accumulation, or pathologic calcification. N double A PC |
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Sequence of cell death
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1. decreases in ATP production.
2. failure of active transport mechanism (Na-K pumps) 3. cellular swelling 4. detachment of ribsomes from ER 5. cessation of protein sythesis. 6. mitochondrial swelling from Ca accumulation 7. vacuolization 8. leakage of digetive enzymes. 9. autodigestion of intracellular structures 10. lysis of the plasma membrane. 11. death |
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What is ischemia?
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cessation of blood flow to into vessels that supply the cell
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Some chemical agents that can cause cellular injury?
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lead
carbon monoxide ethanol mercury social or street drugs |
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What is a contusion?
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bleeding into the tissue or surrounding area.
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What is Anoxia?
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total lack of oxygen
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What is reperfusion?
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additional injury caused by restoration of oxygen
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name some biologically relevant free radicals
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1. Superoxide O2negative
2. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 3. Hydroxyl radicals OH- 4. Nitric Oxide NO |
