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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define prognosis |
expected outcome of a disease or ailment |
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define sign |
an objectively observable indication of a disease or disorder |
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define epidemic |
widespread outbreak of an infectious disease |
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what pathogen is a packet if proteins with no DNA or RNA? |
prions |
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what is a single-celled microorganisms tend to appear in clusters? |
staphylococci |
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What are classified as potentially infectious bodily fluids? (5) |
- semen - vaginal secretions - breast milk - CSF - synovial fluid |
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vascular response to inflammation |
- vasoconstriction for a few moments for minor injury, minutes for a more serious one - followed by vasodilation - endothelial and mast cells release chemicals that increase permeability, re-inforce capillary dilation & attracts platelets. - vasodilation is short lived with minor injuries and can last for days with more serious injury |
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what are the goals of inflammation? (3) |
- protect the body from pathogenic invasion - limit the range of contamination - prepare damaged tissues for healing |
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what happens to platelets during inflammation? |
they become jagged and sticky and they release several chemicals that interact with plasma proteins to weave the net of fibrin that forms a blood clot. |
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Which WBC's are usually the first and last to arrive on the scene of an injury? |
First: neutrophils Last: macrophages and lymphocytes |
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What is neurilemma? |
a protective feature of a neuron; an outside covering of fibers that can help regenerate damaged tissue |
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What does mild, moderate and severe Alzheimer's present? |
- Mild - may get easily lost, have trouble handling money, take longer to do tasks and undergo personality changes - Moderate - memory loss and confusion are major problems. patient may fail to recognize family and friends. hallucinations, paranoia and delusions are possible. - Severe - verbal comm may be lost and pt is reliant on other for care. swallow reflex is impaired leading to high risk of asperation and pneumonia. the end of life may come d/t organ shut own. |
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What does ALS cause? |
- motor neurons in the PNS die - many pt have tissue damage in frontal lobe that are involved with planning and execution of movement - this may lead to cognitive changes, which can contribute to emotional aspects of the disease. |
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What are the characteristics of Alzheimers? (4) |
- progressive memory loss - deterioration of language and cognitive skills - disorientation - lack of ability to care for oneself |
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Define tremor |
rhythmic oscillations of antagonist muscle groups. occurs on a fixed plane and varies by velocity, body parts involved and amplitude. |
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define dystonia |
a movement disorder resulting in repetitive, predictable but involuntary muscle contractions. |
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define Bell's Palsy |
result of damage to or impairment of CN VII |
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Define spasticity |
a type of hypertonia in which the stretch reflex is overactive. the flexors want to flex but the extensors dont relax. finally the extensors are stretched too far and they release all together. |
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Define paresis |
partial or incomplete paralysis |
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What is focal dystonia? |
dystonia that affects specific muscles or muscle groups |
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What is an example of focal dystonia? |
spasmodic torticollis |
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What are the possible triggers for Parkinson's? (4) |
- not clear - environmental agents - lewy bodies - genetic predisposition |
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What is the cause of primary encephalitis? |
enteroviruses (by way of GI tract) or arbovirus (vector borne, usually by mosquito) |
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What is the cause of secondary encephalitis? |
infections that spread from elsewhere in the body. Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, mumps and measles are all viral infections that can later attack the CNS. |
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What is herpes zoster also known as? |
Shingles |
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What are functions of the skin? (4) |
- protection from invasion, UV radiation, etc - homeostasis - manages fluid loss, temperature regulation - absorption and excretion - sensory envelope |
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What is an ulcer? |
an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal |
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What does MRSA stand for? |
methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus |
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What is a fungal lesion of the skin called? |
Tinea |
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Can you massage a patient with a fungal infection? |
yes, but only if the client has a localized infection that is covered and well controlled. local massage is CI'd |
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what is the pathological term for pubic lice? |
pthirus pubis: "crabs" |
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What is acne rosacea commonly triggered by? (7) |
- exposure to sunlight - wind and cold temperatures - drinking hot liquids or alcohol - eating spicy food - menopause - steroid anti-inflammatories on the face - emotion stress |
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What is seborrheic keratosis often mistaken for? |
actinic keratosis; a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma |
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What does ABCDE of melanoma stand for? |
- asymmetrical - border - color - diameter - elevated |
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Severe burns that cover more than 15% of the body can lead to what symptoms? (3) |
- infection - shock - circulatory collapse |
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What are keloid scars? |
the result of overproduction of collagen, leading to a permanently raised mass of collagenous scar tissue |
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define spasm (cramp) |
an involuntary contraction of a voluntary muscle |
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define strain |
injuries to muscle fibers involving the tearing of myofibers and production of scar tissue |
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define sprains |
tears to ligaments |
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Which bones are most vulnerable to osteoporosis? (3) |
hip spine wrist |
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What factors contribute to accelerated calcium loss? (5) |
- meat-based proteins - high caffeine consumption - medications - hyperthyroidism - heavy alcohol use |
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What are the symptoms of 1st degree burns? |
- red but doesnt involve blisters - usually heal in 2-3 days - sometimes with flaking and peeling |
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what are the symptoms of 2nd degree burns? |
- aka partial thickness - involve damage into deeper layer of the epidermis - show redness and instantly appearing blisters - often leaves permanent scar |
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What are the symptoms of 3rd degree burn? |
- aka full thickness - penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis or deeper - destroy not only skin cells but glands, hair shafts and nerve endings |
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What are the major symptoms of simple partial seizures? (4) |
- the patient doesnt lose consciousness - may become weak or numb, smell or taste things that arent there - may have some changes in vision or temporary vertigo - muscular tics and twitching |
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S&S of complex partial seizures (3) |
- repetitive behaviors such as pacing in a circle, rocking or smacking the lips - uncontrollable laughter or fear - visual and olfactory hallucinations |
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S&S of absence seizures (2) |
- short episodes of loss of consciousness - checks out for 5-10 seconds and has no memory of the lapse |
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S&S of clonic seizures (1) |
- jerking movements with our without loss of consciousness in both upper and lower extremities |
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S&S of tonic seizures (1) |
- sudden onset of tight muscles leading to flexion of the head, trunk and extremities for several seconds |
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S&S of tonic-clonic seizures (aka grand mal) (3) |
- uncontrolled movement of the face, arms and legs - loss of consciousness, bladder control - loss of all muscle tone |
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S&S of myoclonic seizures (2) |
- bilateral muscular jerking which may be pronounced or unnoticable - usually very young patients |
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S&S of atonic seizures (1) |
- a brief but complete loss in muscle tone, leading to falls and risk of injury |
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S&S of status epilepticus (2) |
- life threatening version of tonic-clonic seizures - last for long period and can put such a strain on the body that it can cause brain damage or death |
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what are the 3 classic symptoms of Meniere disease? |
- hearing loss - tinnitus - rotational vertigo |
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where are the nerve projections that move like seaweed in water when the head changes position? |
suspended in the endolymph |
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what is considered a vector for West Nile virus? |
mosquitoes |
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what is creutzfeld-Jakob disease? |
a type of dementia that can affect young and middle-aged people as well as the elderly. it is the human variant of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) |
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what percentage of people does Alzheimer's disease affect? |
10% of people over 65 and 50% of those over 85 |
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What is ALS also known as? |
Lou Gehrig disease |
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How do the genetics of Huntington's work? |
-bought on by autosomal dominant genetic mutation; only one gene must be present for the disease to manifest. - can be passed to children by both mother and father - every child with a parent the HD gene has a 50% chance of having the gene and developing the disease |
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What is the most common type of hip replacement? |
hip |
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how is dystonia treated? |
- physical therapy and gentle stretching - oral or injected medications can affect neurotransmitter secretion or uptake - injections of botulinum toxic can block the Ach receptors in the affected muscles - deep brain stimulation can be used to regulate motor function - surgery can disrupt portions of the basal ganglia or interrupt nerve transmission to the muscle of spinal cord. |
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what is zoster sine? |
a type of herpes zoster with all the pain and sensation but with no visible lesions. it can be easily misdiagnosed. (heart attack, herniated disc, other painful invisible conditions) |
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is aspirin allowed to be given to children with chickenpox? |
no it may cause secondary infections |
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what is scabies? |
lesions under the skin caused by mites that burrow under the skin and cause itchy trails or nodules |
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what hormone is associated with adolescent acne? |
androgen hormone - causes accelerated sebum production |
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what is a sign of non-melanoma skin cancer? |
the nodule that itches and bleed easily but doesn't tend to hurt and they don't heal - the cardinal sign of non-melanoma skin cancer |
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describe malignant melanoma |
asymmetrical, borders are irregular, it is discolored and large in diameter. these all happen rapidly and change often |
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What is onychomyosis? |
- aka tinea unguium - result when a fungal infection invades the skin under finger or toenails. - can lead to pitted, eroded and discolored nails that may eventually detach from the nailbed |
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define hemiparesis |
weakness in partial or full paralysis of one side of the body |
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define hemiplegia |
complete loss of function in partial or full paralysis of one side of the body |
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what happens in stage 1 of sleep cycle (3) |
- person can easily wake up - eye movement is slow - hypnic myoclonia, the feeling that a person is suddenly starting to fall occurs in this stage |
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what happens in stage 2 of sleep cycle? (2) |
- eyes stop moving -brain waves slow down but still show occasional bursts of activity and sleep spindles |
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What happens in stage 3 of sleep cycle? (2) |
- brain waves are much slower -a deep sleep pattern called delta waves are intermixed with slightly faster brain waves during this stage |
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what happens in stage 4 of sleep cycle? (2) |
- only delta waves are emitted from the brain - the body secreted growth hormone that enables new growth in children and repair and regeneration for adults during this stage |
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What happens in stage 5 of sleep cycle? |
- aka REM - breathing in rapid, shallow and irregular - eyes move quickly, but muscular activity in the limbs is usually absent - heart rate and blood pressure approach waking levels - dreams occur in this stage |
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What fluids are in the ear, where are they located, what are they used for and what are they made up of? |
- perilymph is in the bony labyrinth, is sodium-rich fluid and helps conduct sound vibrations - endolymph is located in membranous labyrinth, is a potassium-rich fluid and also help conduct sound vibrations |
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define osteosarcoma |
relatively rare form of cancer that originates in bone tissue |
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define osgood-schlatter |
irritation and inflammaton at the site of the quadriceps attachment on the tibia |
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define baker cysts |
synovial cysts found in the popliteal fossa, usually on the medial side |
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define lyme disease |
an infection with a spirochetal bacterium called borrelia burgdorferi that is spread by some bites of certain ticks |
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define bouchard nodes |
bulges at the proximal interphalangeal joints from osteoarthritis |
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define spondylosis |
osteoarthritis of the spine |
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define spondylolisthesis |
forward displacement of a vertebrae, especially the fifth lumbar vertebra |
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define hernia |
a hole or rip through which structures may protrude |
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define ganglion cyst |
small fluid filled sacs that are attached to tendinous sheaths or joint capsules |
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S&S of huntington's disease (4) |
- motor function - starts with mild clumsiness and progresses to writhing, twisting movements as well as loss of facial expression - emotional stability -personality changes are sometimes the first sign of HD; rapid mood swings irritability, etc. - depression - cognition - HD dementia is centered on attention, learning, judgement and decision making rather than on language and memory loss |
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peripheral neuropathy is usually a complication of another issue. list 4 complications and an example of a specific disease or condition for each. |
- injury - trigeminal neuralgia - infection - herpes simplex - systemic disease - diabetes (type 1 or 2) - toxic exposure - chronic alcoholism |
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list and describe 3 types of muscular dystrophy |
- duchenne muscular dystrophy - x-linked genetic anomoly, is most common and most severe. no dystrophin is produced - becker md - less common and less severe, only affects boys. some dystrophin but not enough for normal function - myotonic md - primary symptom if myotonia: stiffness or spasm following muscular contraction. progressive that affects many systems |
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what condition could antiemetic's be used for and what does it do for that condition? |
vestibular balance disorders to manage nausea |
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what condition could diuretics be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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Meniere disease to help expel excess fluid in the inner ear |
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what condition could benzodiazepines be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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anxiety disorders to create a sedative effect |
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what condition could anticoagulants be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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spinal cord injury to control blood clot risk |
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what condition could botox injections be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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cerebral palsy to limit excessive salivation and involuntary muscle contractions |
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what condition could antidepressants be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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muscular dystrophy to manage pain and depression |
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what condition could anticholinergics be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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parkinson's disease to block acetylcholine and manage muscle rigidity |
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what condition could riluzole be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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ALS to reduce neuron damage due to glutamate toxicity |
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what condition could anti-seizure drugs be used for and what does it do for that condition? |
used for people with autism to reduce/treat seizures |
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what condition could anti-mitotic therapy be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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used for people with warts to inhibit cellular replication |
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what condition could NSAIDS be used for and what does it do for that condition?
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baker cysts for any pain the client may have |
