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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F
The structure the the GI wall is the same for all GI organs |
F
mucosal layer of intestines contains villi- for nutrient absorption and goblet cells to secrete mucus for lubrication |
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Fat is absorbed via ______ inside intestinal villi
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lymph syst
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List the components of the GI from outermost layer to innermost layer
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peritoneum (membrane not really part of GI)
serosa longitudinal smooth muscle circular smooth muscle submucosa mucosa |
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Which layer of the GI has the most rapid rate of replacement
a) mucosa b) submucosa c) serosa d) none |
mucosa - 250g/day
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layer of GI composed of nerves, BVs, and digestive glands
a) mucosa b) submucosa c) serosa d) none |
submucosa
(serosa has BVs and Nerves) |
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chewing requires use of which cranial nerve
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5th = trigeminal
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Which cranial nerve allows movement of the tongue
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12th = hypoglossal
Twelve = Tongue |
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ability to swallow requires use of which cranial nerve
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9th- sensory
10th - motor nerves make up gag reflex |
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___ is the primary cranial nerve to control movement through the entire gastric tube
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10th - motor nerve- controls peristalsis
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list the glands/ducts that secrete saliva
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sublingual
submandibular parotid |
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___ prevents regurg and back flow of food from the ST back into esophagus
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cardia sphincter
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function of pyloric sphincer
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prevent back flow of contents from SI to ST
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The ST digests
a) protein b) fat c) carbs d) alcohol |
Protein
Alcohol NO Nutrient absorption in ST |
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_____ produces Intrinsic Factor
_____absorbs B12 |
ST produces
Ileum absorbs |
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Where does digestion begin
a) mouth b) ST c) SI d) LI |
Mouth
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Primary organ for Digestion and Nutrient Absorption
a) ST b) SI c) LI d) none |
SI - jejunum 95% absorption- longest part of SI
(b12 absorbed in Ileum) |
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List the organs of the upper GI
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mouth
esophagus stomach |
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List the organs of the middle GI
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SI - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Pancreas |
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List the organs of the Lower GI
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LI- cecum, ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid colon, rectum
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which organ has NO digestive function
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esophagus
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Which is not secreted by the pancreas
a) HCO3- b) Pepsin c) Lipase d) Amylase |
pepsin- in ST
peptidase- in pancreas |
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where the GB and Pacreatic Ducts Merge
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Vater Ampulla- Oddi Sphinter controls release of secretions into duodenum
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T/F
Pancreatic digestive enzymes require an alkaline environment to work properly |
True-
pancreatic release of HCO3- creates alkaline environ |
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Which of the following control the upper and lower sphincters of the esophagus
a) XIIth b) Xth c) Gastrin d) Secretin |
Xth
Gastrin- increases ST secretions secretin- hormone secreted in duodenum to stim release of HCO3- |
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List the components of the ST from small to large
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Fundus
Body Antrum Pylorus |
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T/F
ST functions are under sympathetic control |
F
Parasymp Control via 10th CN |
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Which of the following does not influence control of ST secretions
a) Xth CN b) Histamine c) Secretin d) Gastrin |
Secretin- hormone secretes Panceatic release of Bicarb into duodenum
Note: Xth CN = parasymp Gastin and H2 Histamine increase ST secretions |
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List ST Secretions
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Mucus
HCl Pepsinogen |
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Parietal cells secrete ______
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HCl in ST
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Chief Cells Secrete ______
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Pepsinogen in ST
(parietal cells- HCL) |
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the duodenum receives secretions from
a) LV b) GB c) Pancreas d) all |
LV, Pancreas
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list the secretions of the duodenum
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mucus
chlolecystokinin- stim bile release gastrin- increase ST secretions secretin- stim HCO3- release |
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Which is secreted in the jejunum
a) mucus b) cholecystokinin c) secretin d) all |
mucus- jejunum
duodenum- cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin, mucus |
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T/F
internal sphincter is controlled by cerebral cortex |
F
controlled by Sacral Spinal Cord and Autonomic NS |
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_______controls external sphincter of lower GI
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Cerebral Cortex (Conscious Control)
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list causes of Anorexia
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hypothal- CNS hunger/satiety
smell emotions drugs medical problems |
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List causes of Nausea
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large amounts of anorectic food
indigestion/distention of duodenum/upper SI |
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List vomit controllers
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vomit center = medulla
chemoreceptor trigger zone = blood born drugs/toxins |
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list causes of emesis
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GI dysfunction/inflammtn
vestibular apparatus drugs/toxins hypoxia |
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describe the mechanics of emesis
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take deep breath
close airways simultaneous strong contraction of all ab muscles and relaxation of gastroesophogeal sphincter |
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List neurotransmitters involved in emesis
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dopamine
serotonin aid in muscle contraction |
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Indication of gastic ulcer
a) occult stool b) black/tarry stool c) blood in vomit d) none |
black tarry stool
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px suffering from an anal fissure may experience
a) black tarry stool b) red blood in stool c) increased body temp d) none |
red blood in stool = blood in lower GI
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danger of diarrhea
a) raised BUN b) increased body temp c) electrolyte imbalance d) hemmroids |
electrolyte imbalance
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Dysphasia is caused by damage to which of the following CNs
a) V b) IX c) X d) XII |
all
also caused by tube stricture |
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failure of lower esophageal sphincter to relax
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achalasia- born w
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What causes esophageal diverticulum?
a) damage to 10th CN b) chronic irritation c) weakness of muscularis d) barret's esohpagus |
weakness of muscularis
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pathology of esophageal diverticulum is __________
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outpouching of esophageal way causes food retention and infection
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mechanism of GERD
a) failure of lower esophageal sphincter to relax b) weak lower esophageal sphincter c) complication of chronic irritation d) none |
weak/incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
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Complication of GERD is ____
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barret's esophagus - type of metaplasia-
normal lining is replaced by lining adaptive to more acidic environ |
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list the components of the gastric mucosal barrier that help protect the ST from HCl and pepsin
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impermeable epithelial cell
mucus coat -water insoluble- protection from Pepsin and neutralizes HCL -water soluble- protect from mechanical damage regulation of Acid and HCO3- |
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T/F
the impermeable epithelial cells of the ST contain hydrophobic lipid layer |
True
also tight junctions |
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what protects the ST lining from mechanical damage
a) water soluble mucus b) water insoluble mucus c) tight junctions d) hyodrophobic lipid layer |
water soluble mucus
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protects gastric mucosa and neutralizes HCl
a) water soluble mucus b) water insoluble mucus c) tight junctions d) hyodrophobic lipid layer |
water insoluble mucus
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describe pathologic change of acute gastritis
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edema
hyperemia hemorrhagic erosion |
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cause of acute gastritis
a) autoimmune b) chronic NSAID use c) local irritation d) a, c |
local irritation
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T/F
a px with acute gastritis will likely progress into a peptic ulcer |
F
progression is self ltd and full recovery is possible- just avoid the cause |
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list the causes of chronic gastritis
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autoimmune
chronic smoking, NSAIDs alcoholism |
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describe the pathologic changes of chronic gastritis
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chronic inflammation
atrophy of glandular epithelium dysplasia |
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pernicious anemia is a progression of
a) autoimmune gastritis b) infectious gastritis c) acute gastritis d) all |
autoimmune gastritis
progression= atrophy->pernicious anemia-> cancer |
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why are px taking NSAIDs always supposed to take their meds w food
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may cause acute gastritis
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main cause of peptic ulcer is _______
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H Pylori
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T/F
pain from peptic ulcer occurs when the ST is full |
F
Empty |
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avvertire (imperf)
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avvertivo,-i,-a
avvertivamo avvertivate avvertivano |
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the progression of peptic ulcer is
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periods of remission/exacerbation
obstruction bleeding perforation |
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increased pain after eating is ___
decreased pain after eating is __ |
worse - duodenal
better - ST/gastric |
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T/F
ST cancer often has a positive prognosis |
F- symptoms are vague therefore rarely detected early enough
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Which is not likely risk factor for ST Cancer
a) genetics b) h pylori c) atrophic gastritic d) e-coli |
e-coli
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lactose intolerance is an example of
a) intraluminal maldigestion b) mucosal malabsorption c) lymphatic obstruction d) a, b |
intraluminal maldigestion
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inflammation of the SI causes
a) intraluminal maldigestion b) mucosal malabsorption c) lymphatic obstruction d) a, b |
mucosal malabsorption
ex: crohn's disease intraluminal= indigestion lymphatic= parasite |
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disorder related to stress causing motor hyperactivity in the GI
a) Crohn's b) IBS c) Ulcerative Cholitis d) Constipation |
IBS
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Which layer of the GI is least affected by Crohn's
a) mucosa b) submucosa c) smooth muscle d) serosa |
ALL layers of GI are affected -
can cause fistula Submucosa is most affected** |
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Crohn's disease is ______ inflammation type
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Granulomatous - chronic
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what happens to the bowel walls in a px with Crohn's
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thick inflexible-
eventually scar tissue will build and may cause an obstruction -> ER situation |
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Not an autoimmune condition
a) Crohn's b) Infectious Colitis c) Ulcerative Colitis d) A, C |
infectious colitis- pseudomembranous or epidemic/sporadic
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Complication of ulcerative colitis
a) fistula b) colon cancer c) IBS d) none |
colon cancer
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T/F
ulcerative Colitis affects the rectum and colon only |
True
starts at rectum and moves proximally |
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Ulcerative Colitis predominately affects which layer of the GI
a) mucosa b) submucosa c) smooth muscle d) all |
mucosal layer
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describe the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis
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formation of crypt abcesses, necrosis, ulceration
(may cause red bloody stool) |
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list the 2 types of infectious colitis
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pseudomembranous
epidemic |
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cause of pseudomembranous infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) a, c |
clostridium difficile
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What cause Epidemic Infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) b, c |
E.Coli
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all are risk factor for of epidemic infectious colitis except
a) undercooked meat b) contaminated food c) casual contact d) antibiotic therapy |
antibiotic therapy = risk for pseudomembranous type
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inflammation of mucosa due to toxin
a) osmotic diarrhea b) pseudomembranous infxn colitis c) epidemic colitis d) all |
pseudomembranous
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list the 2 types of infectious colitis
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pseudomembranous
epidemic |
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cause of pseudomembranous infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) a, c |
clostridium difficile
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list the 2 types of infectious colitis
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pseudomembranous- clostridium difficil
epidemic/sporadic- e.coli |
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list the 2 types of infectious colitis
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pseudomembranous- clostridium difficile
epidemic/sporadic- e. coli |
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list the 2 types of infectious colitis
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pseudomembranous
epidemic |
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What cause Epidemic Infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) b, c |
E.Coli
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cause of pseudomembranous infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) a, c |
clostridium difficile
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cause of pseudomembranous infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) a, c |
clostridium difficile
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cause of pseudomembranous infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) a, c |
clostridium difficile
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all are risk factor for of epidemic infectious colitis except
a) undercooked meat b) contaminated food c) casual contact d) antibiotic therapy |
antibiotic therapy = risk for pseudomembranous type
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What cause Epidemic Infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) b, c |
E.Coli
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What cause Epidemic Infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) b, c |
E.Coli
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What cause Epidemic Infectious colitis
a) Clostridium difficile b) E.Coli c) H.Pylori d) b, c |
E.Coli
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all are risk factor for of epidemic infectious colitis except
a) undercooked meat b) contaminated food c) casual contact d) antibiotic therapy |
antibiotic therapy = risk for pseudomembranous type
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inflammation of mucosa due to toxin
a) osmotic diarrhea b) pseudomembranous infxn colitis c) epidemic colitis d) all |
pseudomembranous
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inflammation of mucosa due to toxin
a) osmotic diarrhea b) pseudomembranous infxn colitis c) epidemic colitis d) all |
pseudomembranous
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all are risk factor for of epidemic infectious colitis except
a) undercooked meat b) contaminated food c) casual contact d) antibiotic therapy |
antibiotic therapy = risk for pseudomembranous type
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all are risk factor for of epidemic infectious colitis except
a) undercooked meat b) contaminated food c) casual contact d) antibiotic therapy |
antibiotic therapy = risk for pseudomembranous type
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inflammation of mucosa due to toxin
a) osmotic diarrhea b) pseudomembranous infxn colitis c) epidemic colitis d) all |
pseudomembranous
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inflammation of mucosa due to toxin
a) osmotic diarrhea b) pseudomembranous colitis c) epidemic colitis d) all |
pseudomembranous
osmotic= indigestion- lactose intol epidemic colitis= local tissue inflammation |
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what is the pathology of Epidemic Sporatic Infectious Colitis
a) inflammation of mucosa due to toxin b) local tissue inflammation c) general toxic syndrome d) b,c e) a, b |
local tissue inflammation
general toxic syndrome |
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what is the pathology of diverticulosis
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herniation of mucosa thru muscularis layer
where BVs pierce the circular layer |
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T/F
Diverticulosis has no major s/s |
T-
S/S dvlp when you have diverticulitis due to infection |
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true statement about diverticulosis
a) inflammation of diverticula b) general toxic syndrome c) increased intraluminal pressure d) all |
increased intraluminal pressure
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list the mechanisms of diarrhea
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osmotic (indigestion)
secretory (infxn) mechanic (too fast/slow) |
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list mechanisms of constipation
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slow colon transit
obstruction fiber xu fluid xu weak muscles (elderly) failure to response to urge to defecate |
