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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which organ relies exclusively on glucose as source of energy?
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CNS
needs glucose for mental functions |
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CHO absorbed from the diet and used for energy undergoes
a) glycogenesis b) glycolysis c) gloconeogenesis d) none |
glycolysis
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CHO absorbed from the diet and is stored as glycogen undergoes
a) glycogenesis b) glycolysis c) gloconeogenesis d) none |
glycogenesis -> transformed into fat
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list sources of CHO
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LV- gluconeogenesis
Diet |
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_____ produces sugar from protein and glycogen breakdown in a process known as _____
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LV- gluconeogenesis
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responsible for maintaining blood sugar during sleep
a) glycogenesis b) glycolysis c) gluconeogenesis d) none |
gluconeogenesis
occurs in LV- synth sugar from protein and glycogen breakdown |
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insulin is composed of ___ number of chains
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2 chains
a&b linked by c |
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function of insulin
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lower blood sugar
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regulation of insulin
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blood sugar concentration
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insulin is metabolized and destroyed in
a) LV b) KD c) SP d) Pancreas |
LV, KD
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true statement about insulin
a) promotes glycogenolysis b) promotes glyconeogenesis c) promotes protein syth d) all |
promo protein synth
also: promo fat synth from glucose inhibit gluconeogenesis promo glucose uptake by beta cells decrease Blood Sugar |
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Function of Glucagon
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increase Blood Sugar
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True for Both Insulin and Glucagon
a) Promo fat synth b) create ketone bodies c) regulated by blood sugar concentration d) composed of 2 chains |
regulated by blood sugar concentration
Insulin- uptake glucose into Beta Cells Glucagon- stim alpha cells in pancreas to release glycogen->glucose |
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Where is Glucagon Metabolized
a) LV b) KD c) SP d) Pancreas |
LV only
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mechanism of glucagon
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increase blood sugar via trigger alpha cells in pancreas to release glycogen-> glucose
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Functions of Glucagon
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increase BS
-promo glycogenolysis -promo gluconeogenesis -promo lipolysis-> ketone bodies -promo protein breakdown |
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increases blood sugar
a) insulin b) glucagon c) catecholamines d) all |
gulcagon
catecholamines |
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_____regulates catecholamines
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stress
fight/flight |
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what is the mechanism of catecholamines
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inhibit insulin release
promo glucogenolysis mobilize FA from adipose tissue |
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not a mechanism of catecholamines
a) inhibit glucagon b) inhibit glycogenolysis c) promo fat synth d) none |
none are mechanisms of catecholamines
Catecholamines inhibit insulin promo glycogenolysis mobilze FAs |
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what inhibits GH
a) insulin, hi BS b) glucagon, lo BS c) glucagon, hi BS d) insulin, lo BS |
insulin
hi BS |
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Increases GH
a) Hi BS b) Lo BS c) Stress d) none |
Lo BS- peaks at nite
Stresses |
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antagonizes insulin
a) catecholamine b) beta cells c) ACTH d) GH |
GH
- antag insulin - increase protein synth - mobilize fat |
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Mechanisms of GH
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antag insulin
increase protein synth mobilize fat |
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T/F
Catecholamines and GH mobilze FAs |
True
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regulated by stresses
a) catecholamine b) GH c) glucocorticoid d) All |
ALL
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Increases BS
a) insulin b) glucagon c) catecholamine d) glucocorticoid |
All EXCEPT insulin
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T/F
glucocorticoid is regulated by hyperglycemia |
F
Hypoglycemia glucocorticoid increases BS |
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Mechansism of Glucocorticoid
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stim gluconeogenesis
reduce tissue use of glucose |
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pathology of type 1 diabetes
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complete lack of insulin
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pathology of type II diabetes
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hi or normal insulin then no insulin
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pathology of gestational diabetes
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combo of insulin xu and resistance
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cause of type 1 diabetes
a) overweight b) drugs c) pancreatic disease d) autoimmune |
autoimmune - destruction of beta cells
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risk factors for type 2 diabetes
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genetic
over weight |
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causes of senile diabetes
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insulin resistance
impaired insulin production increased hepatic glucose prdctn |
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risk factors for gestational diabetes
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family history of diabetes
history of stillbirth/spont abortion previous large/heavy for date baby obesity older maternal age >5 pregnancies |
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manifestations of diabetes mellitus
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polyuria
polydipsia- xs urine polyphagia- xs hunger weightloss- fat/protein, body fluid blurry vision fatigue prone to infection |
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acute complications of diabetes mellitus
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diabetic ketoacidosis
hypoglycemia Somogyi effect Dawn phenomenon |
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major sources of energy during diabetic ketoacidosis?
a) glucose b) fat c) protein d) all |
fat
protein |
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diabetic ketoacidosis is related to
hypoglycemia and a drop in BP |
F
hyperglycemia polyuria dehydration drop in BP metabolic acidosis -> kassmaul breathing |
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the autonomic system is activated during
a) diabetic ketoacidosis b) hypoglycemia c) somogyi effect d) dawn phenom |
hypoglycemia
-> hunger, anxiety, tachycardia, cold sweat |
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cycle of insulin induced posthypoglycemic episode
a) diabetic ketoacidosis b) hypoglycemia c) somogyi effect d) dawn phenom |
somogyi effect
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describe the dawn phenomenon
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abnormally hi blood sugar and/or insulin requirement between 5-9am
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list manifestations of hypoglycemia
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altered cerebral function causing:
HA slurred speech impaired motor function seizure coma mental confusion |
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list chronic complications of Diabetes
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peripheral neuropathies
nephropathies eye disorders macrovascular complications foot ulceration infection |
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inability to feel heat may be due to
a) peripheral neuropathy b) macrovascular complications c) somogyi effect d) none |
peripheral neuropathy
-> thickening of nutrient vssl walls that supply the nerves -> segmental demylenization |
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list the causes of nephropathies
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-arteriole sclerosis
-thickening of the basement membrane of the glomeruli causing albuminuria and proteinuria |
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list ways of managing diabetes
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diet
exercise oral hypoglycemic agent insulin pancreas transplant |
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diagnostics for diabetes
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random blood glucose > 200 w polyphagia/dipsia/uria
glucose tolerance test glycoslated Hb >7 fasting blood glucose- screen |
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appropriate screening method for diabetes
a) glucose tolerance test b) fasting blood glucose test c) capillary blood test d) all |
fasting blood glucose
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normal range of fasting blood glucose
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80-110 mg/dl
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diabetic levels of glycosylated Hb
a) >3 b) >5 c) >7 d) none |
>7
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tests used to monitor blood sugar but are not diagnostic
a) glycosylated Hb b) glucose tolerance test c) capillary blood test d) urine test |
capillary blood test
urine test |
