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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list components of a motor unit
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LMN
neuromuscular junction muscle fibers (group) |
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regulation of coordination
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motor unit
motor cortex |
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where is the primary motor area located
a) #2 b) #4 c) #6 d) #8 |
#4- contains neurons that control mvt-
homonculus, pyramidal cells, 80% x-over @ medulla 50% cervical, 20% thoracic, 30% lumbar |
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premotor cortex area
a) #2 b) #4 c) #6 d) #8 |
#6
#8 innervates primary motor area |
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the majority of corticospinal tracts terminate at the
a) thoracic b) lumbar c) cervical |
cerival- regulates upper body
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T/F
damage to the rt motor cortex will likely cause impaired motor control of the left side of the body |
True
80% corticospinal tracts of the motor cortex cross over @ medulla |
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_____ cell types compose the motor cortex
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pyramidal cells
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list disorders of motor tone
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hypotonia
flaccidity herpertonia- rigidity/spasicity |
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When is possession Open and Notorious?
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actual notice - something you can see, hear, smell, feel, etc. Owner actually knows
Constructive Notice –a reasonable owner in the circumstances should know. Public Policy - it is reasonable to expect an owner to come to a property that they own and walk around once in a while and see what is going on. Would a reasonable owner know under the circumstances. The adverse possessor's occupation must be sufficiently apparent to put the true owner on notice that a trespass is occurring. |
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T/F
Ant/Ventral horn of the spinal cord corresponds to Motor functions |
true
post/dorsal horn = sensory |
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paresis vs paralysis
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Paralysis/plegia = total loss of mvt
paresis= incomplete loss |
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true statement about UMNs except
a) hyperreflexia b) spinal reflex intact c) ipsilateral d) prominent muscle atrophy |
prominent mucle atrophy = LMN
UMN: affected by lesion of SpineCord up ipsilat/contralat hyperreflexia/spasticity spinal reflex intact little muscle atrophy |
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true about LMN
a) hyperreflexia b) spinal reflex intact c) ipsilateral d) prominent muscle atrophy |
ipsilat
prominent muscle atrophy LMN: cell bodies in Ant Horn and down ipsilat hyporeflexia/flaccid No Spinal reflex Muscle Atrophy prominent |
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Muscular dystrophy includes all of the following except
a) hypertrophy b) atrophy c) necrosis d) denervation |
denervation = type of atrophy
dystrophy: primary disease of muscle necrosis-> replaced by fat/connective tissue-> weakness |
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list skeletal muscle disorders
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atrophy: disuse or denervation
dystrophy |
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tetany could be caused by
a) impaired degradation of ACh b) impaired ACh release c) impaired ACh binding d) all |
impaired degradation of ACh
(organophosphatase) this is a type of Neuromusclular Juction disorder |
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decreased muscle contraction could be caused by
a) impaired degradation of ACh b) impaired ACh release c) impaired ACh binding d) all |
impaired ACh release (Botox)
impaired ACh Binding (Curare) |
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T/F
Neuron body, dendrite, and axon can be regenerated after injury |
F
dendrite/axon only via myelin sheath |
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list causes of herniated disk
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trauma
falling on buttocks lifting/flexion |
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correct pathogenesis of herniated disk
a) compression of spinal nerve root, post/lat herniation, spont nerve firing, pain b) spont nerve firing, irritation of spinal nerve root, ant/lat herniation, pain c) ant/lat herniation, compression of spinal nerve root, spont nerve firing d) post/lat herniation, compression of spinal nerve root, spont nerve firing |
post/lat herniation toward intervertebral foramen
->compression of spinal nerve root ->spont nerve firing ->pain |
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diminished osteotendinous reflex
a) Carpal Tunnel b) Sciatica c) Herniated Disk d) all |
herniated disk
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list s/s of herniated disk
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pain along dermatome
pain increase w straining/cough/sneeze/standing/walking sl motor weakness paresthesia/numbness diminished osteotendinous reflex |
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physical exam test for diagnosis of herniated disk
a) Tinel Test b) Kernig's c) Straight Leg d) None |
Straight Leg Test
tinel & phalen = carpal tunnel |
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diagnostic test for carpal tunnel
a) tinnel b) phallen c) kernig d) brudzinsky |
tinel- tap along med nerve
phallen-flex wrists and press dorsal aspect of both wrists together |
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T/F
Carpal Tunnel is an example of a polyneuropathy |
F- mononeuropathy
compression of Median N only |
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manifestations of Carpal Tunnel
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pain in first 3 fingers and 1/2 of ring finger
atrophy of abductor pollicis weakness in precision grip |
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T/F
Carpal Tunnel causes the atrophy of the adductor pollicis |
F
atrophy of abductor pollicis |
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incorrect statement about polyneuropathies
a) demylination of peripheral n b) assymetric motor/sensory deficits c) begin at distally d) may be caused by xs alcohol consumption |
SYMMETRIC motor/sensory deficits being in distal extremities
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list causes of polyneuropathies
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alcohol (b1 xu)
diabetes lead, arsenic Guillain-Barre Syndrm |
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T/F
Bell's Palsy is an example of a UMN disorder |
F
peripheral/LMN (CN#7-flaccid/ipsilat) |
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T/F
substantia nigra is located in the cerebellum |
F
basal ganglia- degeneration -> parkinson's |
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modulates cortical motor control via GABA-ergic and Dopaminergic receptors
a) cerebellum b) Brain Stem c) Basal ganglia d) Spinal Corder |
Basal Ganglia
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T/F
Basal Ganglia modulates sensory feedback |
F
modulated cortical motor control (GABA and dopamine sensitive receptors) |
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Pathology of Parkinsons
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destruction of Substancia Nigra causes reduction in dopamine
-also side affect of antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine |
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manifestation of parkinson's
a) resting tremor b) mask-like face c) rigidity d) dementia |
ALL
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T/F
disorder of the cerebellum will cause resting tremor |
F
intention tremor |
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T/F
Parkinson's manifestations appear gradually |
T
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list manifestations of parkinson's
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resting tremor of fingers/hand
->progress to both sides rigidity bradykinesia poor balance mask-like face drool/poor articulation- rigid mouth muscles dementia- degrad ACh neurons XS Autonomic NS- sweat, salivation, lacrimation, incontinence, ortho hypotension |
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incorrect statement about cerebellum
a) initiates movement b) coordination c) smooth movement d) disorders present contra-laterally |
cerebellum does NOT initiate mvt
disorders present IPSILATERALLY |
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decomposition of mvt
a) vestibulocerebellar disorder b) cerebellar tremor c) cerebellar ataxia d) none |
cerebellar ataxia
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intention tremor
a) parkinson's b) Cerebellar ataxia c) Cerebellar tremor d) all |
cerebellar tremor
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trunkal ataxia
a) Parkinson's b) Cerebellar ataxia c) vestibulocerebellar disorder d) Cerebral Ataxia |
vestibulocerebellar disorder
-unsteadiness of trunk- poor balance |
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list the structure of the vertebra
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body (anterior)
vertebral arch w foramen 1 spinal process 2 transverse processes 2 lamina 2 pedicles |
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where does the spinal nerve root exit the spinal cord
a) vertebral arch b) intervertebral foramen c) lamina d) none |
intervertebral foramen
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T/F
Lumbar vertebral bodies are larger than the cervical vertebral bodies |
T
increase in size as they descend to bear weight |
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vertebrae with the least movement
a) cervical b) thoracic c) lumbar d) all have the same mvt |
thoracic
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list types of injuries to vertebral column
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fracture
dislocation subluxation |
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legion of the cervical spine will cause
a) tetraplegia b) paraplegia c) herniated disk d) Brown Sequard Syndrome |
tetraplegia
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Lesion below the cervical spine will cause
a) tetraplegia b) paraplegia c) herniated disk d) Brown Sequard Syndrome |
paraplegia
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ant cord damage causes
a) proprioception loss b) paraplegia c) loss of motor function d) all |
loss of motor function
also loss of the sensory pain/temp |
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incorrect statement about Brown Sequard's syndrome
a) ipsilat loss of pain/temp b) contralat loss of pain/temp c) contralat loss of motor function d) ipsilat loss of motor function |
Brown Sequard's:
ipsilat loss of motor/proprioception contralat loss of pain/temp |
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T/F
Brown Sequard causes deficits in motor only |
F
motor and sensory ipsilat motor/proprioception contralat sensory/pain/temp |
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hemisection of the Post and Ant Cord
a) Brown Sequard b) Ant Cord Synd c) Post Horn Synd d) none |
Brown sequard
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the diaphragm is controlled by which cranial nerves
a) above C3 b) C3-C5 c) T1-T7 d) T7-T12 |
C3-C5 (phrenic Nerves)
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intercostal muscles are controlled by which spinal nerves
a) above C3 b) C3-C5 c) T1-T7 d) T6-T12 |
T1-T7
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abdominal muscles are controlled by
a) above C3 b) C3-C5 c) T1-T7 d) T6-T12 |
T6-T12
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lesion will call cause total respiratory paralysis
a) above C3 b) C3-C5 c) T1-T7 d) T7-T12 |
above C3
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loss of integration from the brain and spinal cord causes all of the following except
a) loss of sympathetic control b) bradycardia c) hypertension d) edema |
hypertension
loss of integration causes: -hypotension/orthostatic -deep vein thrombosis -asystole |
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BVs are controlled by ______
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sympathetic
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disruption of general cardiovascular circulation causes
a) bradycardia b) thrombosis c) edema d) all |
thrombosis
edema |
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T/F
loss of sympathetic tone causes a decrease in vasovagal activity |
F
increases vasovagal activity -> bardycardia, asystole (esp when changing position) |
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disruption of sympathetic-thalamic axis regulation causes
a) bradycardia b) hypertension c) polikothermy d) none |
polikothermy
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T/F
spinal cord injury causing disruption of the autonomic system causes deterioration of skin |
True
decrease quality of skin |
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how does the loss of sensory and motor functions affect the skin
a) decrease skin integrity b) deterioration c) callus d) none |
decrease skin integrity
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pain that occurs at the level of the injury
a) visceral b) radicular c) central d) mechanical |
mechanical
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pain that radiates down dermatome
a) visceral b) radicular c) central d) mechanical |
radicular
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burning pain that is difficult to determine the origin
a) visceral b) radicular c) central d) mechanical |
visceral
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burning pain below the level of injury
a) visceral b) radicular c) central d) mechanical |
central
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T/F
sympathetic bladder control occurs in spinal nerves T6-L3 |
F
T6-L3 = bowel control T11-L3 = bladder control |
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parasymp control lies between S2-S4 in all of the following except
a) sexual function b) bowel c) respiration d) urination |
respiration
lesion higher than C3 -> respiratory paralysis |
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T/F
parasymp maintains lo pressure filling of the bladder |
F
sympathetic T11-L3 |
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Lesion of the UMN causes
a) urinary retention b) bowel incontinence c) inability for erection d) all |
-bowel incontinence
-urinary incontinence -ability for erection but no ejaculation |
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true statement about parasymp
a) decreases peristalsis b) contracts ejaculatory duct c) reflexogenic center d) all |
parasymp - reflexogenic center (create erection)
also: increase peristalsis, contract detrusor muscle, |
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True about sympathetic center
a) increase internal sphincter tone b) increase perineal contraction c) lo pressure filling d) all |
all
also: contract ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, epidimis decrease peristalsis |
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somatosensory cortex is located
a) frontal lobe b) occipital lobe c) parietal lobe d) temporal lobe |
parietal
-post to central sulcus above lat sulcus |
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T/F
the somatosensory association area is located anterior to the primary center |
F
posterior |
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_________ trasnforms raw material of sensation into meaningful learned perception
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somatosensory association area
located behind the somatosensory area of the brain in the parietal lobe |
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___ number of spinal nerves
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31 spinal nerves
8 cervial nerves (7 cervical spine) 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyx |
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body wall supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglion
a) free nerve ending b) dermatome c) corpuscle |
dermatome
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carries input from organ or system to post horn of the spinal cord
a) 1st order neuron b) 2nd order neuron c) 3rd order neuron |
1st order neuron- afferent neuron
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2nd order neuron transmits to
a) cerebral cortex b) hypothalamus c) thalamus d) periphery |
thalamus->cortex
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communicated w reflex networks and sensory pathways
a) 1st order neuron b) 2nd order neuron c) 3rd order neuron |
2nd order
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thalamus transmits nerve impulses to
a) 1st order neuron b) 2nd order neuron c) 3rd order neuron |
3rd order
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high acuity requires ____ density of innervation
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Hi acuity requires Hi density
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Meissner Corpuscles
a) subtle touch, slow adapts b) heavy touch, fast adapt c) subtle touch, fast adapt d) pressure, slow adapt |
subtle touch, fast to adapt
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free nerve endings determines all of the following except
a) touch b) pain c) pressure d) temperature |
temperature
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Merckel receptors
a) touch, slow adapts b) heavy touch, fast adapt c) subtle touch, fast adapt d) pressure, slow adapt |
touch, slow adapt
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T/F
pacinian corpuscles are slow adapting |
F
Fast adapting also sensitive to pressure |
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fast adapting
a) Merckel b) Pacinian c) Meissner d) Ruffini |
meissner
pacinian |
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slow adapting
a) Merckel b) Pacinian c) Meissner d) Ruffini |
merckel
ruffini |
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sensitive to heavy touch and pressure
a) Merckel b) Pacinian c) Meissner d) Ruffini |
ruffini- slow adapting
(rough touch/prssr) |
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sensitive to prssr
a) Free Nerve ending b) Pacinian c) Ruffini d) all |
all
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T/F
pain receptors are slow adapting |
F
do not adapt |
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true statement about temperature receptors
a) do not adapt completely b) adapt rapidly c) fire at extreme temperatures d) all |
adapt rapidly but not completely
(pain receptors- do not adapt, fire at extreme temps) |
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range of warm receptors
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>77F
<113F |
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range of cold receptors
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>50f
<68f |
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in the gate control theory, pain is transmitted by
a) large diameter neurons b) special pain receptors c) smaller diameter neurons d) shared pathways |
pain= small diameter neurons
touch/prssr= large diameter that can inhibit pain sensation |
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pain receptors
a) second order neurons b) free nerve endings c) widely distributed d) none |
free nerve endings
widely distributed |
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pain receptors are activated
by a) mechanical stim b) chemical stim c) injured tissue |
all
direct/mechanical chem stim from injured tissue |
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T/F
internal organs do not have pain receptors |
F
pain receptors: skin periostium internal organs dental pulp meninges |
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precision and determination of pain occurs
a) 2nd order neurons b) spinal cord c) cerebral cortex d) none |
cerebral cortex/3rd order neurons
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activates withdraw reflex
a) 2nd order neurons b) spinal cord c) cerebral cortex d) none |
spinal cord/2nd order neuron
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T/F
pain mechanisms cross over in the spinal cord |
True
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T/F
disorders of the cerebellum present ipsilaterally |
True
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