Pathophys 2 Water & Electrolyte Disorder

Front 1

Define Edema

Back 1

palpable swelling due to expansion of interstitial fluid volume

Front 2

Which is not a mechanism of Edema

a) Decreased Capillary Pressr
b) Decreased Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Prssr
c) Increased Capillary Permeability
d) Increased Hydrostatic Prssr

Back 2

decreased capillary pressure
(capillary pressure = hydrostatic prssr/outward force therefore capillary prssr increases w edema)

Front 3

T/F

an increase in oncotic pressure can cause edema

Back 3

F

oncotic prssr hold water in BVs therefore a decrease in oncotic prssr will cause edema -
prssr is dependent on solute concentration, protein xu, and LV failure will decrease oncotic prssr

Front 4

T/F varicose veins can cause edema

Back 4

T- related to increase in hydrostatic pressure

Front 5

Which is not a regulatory mechanism of water balance

a) ANP
b) Aldosterone
c) Renin-Angiotensin
d) All

Back 5

ANP- Na+
Aldosterone - Na+, K+

Front 6

List the regulatory mechanisms for water balance

Back 6

thirst
renin-angiotensin
ADH/Vasopressin

Front 7

Thirst develops when

a) increase in blood volume
b) osmoreceptors signal hypothalamus
c) 0.5% cellular water loss
d) any combo

Back 7

osmoreceptors signal hypothal
0.5% cellular water loss

Front 8

ADH is release when
extracellular osmolarity ____
blood volume ____
blood pressure ____

Back 8

extra cell osmolarity increases
blood vol decreases
blood pressure decreases

Front 9

T/F

increase BP will stimulate release of ADH

Back 9

F

drop in BP/blood volume

Front 10

T/F

only elderly require 100ml water/100 calories metabolized

Back 10

F

all healthy ppl

Front 11

how should water intake be adjusted for every 1 degree F of body temp

a) increase 10%
b) decrease 5%
c) increase 7%
d) no adjustment necessary

Back 11

increase 7%

Front 12

List all sources of water output

Back 12

LU
KD
Skin
GI

Front 13

T/F

edema can be related to water deficit

Back 13

T

third space loss

Front 14

List possible causes of water deficit

Back 14

inadequate intake
xs GI, renal, skin losses
third space loss (edema)

Front 15

Hypotension, increased HR, and sunken eyes are manifestations of

a) water xs
b) hypernatremia
c) hypokalemia
d) water xu

Back 15

water xu

Front 16

Hypotension, Dysrhythmias, and Thirst are manifestations of

a) Hyperkalemia
b) hypernatremia
c) hypokalemia
d) water xu

Back 16

hypokalemia

also: polyuria, nausea/vomit, decreases smooth muscle contraction, decrease neuromuscular excitability

(dysrhythmia and hypotension also hypermagnesemia)

Front 17

List the regulatory mechanisms of Na+

Back 17

KD
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (retain Na)
ANP- Na+ exretion

Front 18

T/F

renin- angiotensin-aldosterone and ANP promote retention of Na+

Back 18

F

ANP-> excrete Na+ in urine

Front 19

Hyponatremia occurs when serum concentration is _____

Hypernatremia occurs when serum concentration is _____

Back 19

hypo- <135 mEq/L

hyper- >148 mEq/L

Front 20

individuals with Diabetes Insipidus are at risk of developing

a) hyponatremia
b) hypernatremia
c) hypokalemia
d) hyperkalemia

Back 20

Hyper-natremia bc they do not produce ADH causing xs water loss which will increase serum Na+

Front 21

list the regulatory mechanisms of K+

Back 21

KD
aldosterone (elim k+)
insulin, epinephrine (decrease blood [k+] k+ enters cell

Front 22

Which of the following regulates K+

a) hypothalamus
b) parathyroid
c) renin - angiotensin
d) insulin

Back 22

insulin

(also epinephrine, aldosterone)

Front 23

[K+] = 3.4 mEq/L

a) hyperkalemia
b) hypokalemia
c) normal
d) hypocalcemia

Back 23

hypokalemia

3.5-5 mEq/L is normal range

Front 24

which is not true about hypokalemia

a) can cause hypertension
b) caused by diet pills promoting urination
c) manifests with muscle fatigue
d) all are true

Back 24

will not cause hypertension
(causes hypotension)

Front 25

T/F

diarrhea can cause hypokalemia

Back 25

true

Front 26

a decrease in smooth muscle contractions occurs with

a) hypernatremia
b) hypokalemia
c) hypocalcemia
d) hyperphosphatemia

Back 26

hypokalemia

(hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia have same manifestations)

Front 27

Addisons disease can cause

a) hypernatremia
b) hyperkalemia
c) hypocalcemia
d) hyporphosphatemia

Back 27

hyperkalemia

addisons is a hypo-adrenal fnctn causing lack of aldosterone

Front 28

which electrolyte imbalance can cause cardiac arrest?

Back 28

hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia

Front 29

Which is a manifestation of hyperkalemia

a) tetany
b) hyporeflexia
c) polyuria
d) parasthesia

Back 29

parasthesia

(also, cardiac arrest, muscle cramps/weakness, GI distress)

tetany- Ca, Mg xu PO4 xs
hyporeflexia- Ca, Mg xs PO4 xu
polyurua- hypokalemia, hyperCa,

Front 30

T/F

increasing PTH secretion increases blood calcium

Back 30

true

Front 31

Vit D allows for intestinal absorption of ________

Back 31

Ca
PO4

Front 32

_____ increases Ca reabsorption from the KD

Back 32

Vit D and PTH

Front 33

Which is not a true statement about PTH

a) decreases secretion is presence of Vit D
b) increases reabsorption of Ca, Mg by the KD
c) decreases PO4 excretion
d) all are true

Back 33

PTH

INCREASES PO4 excretion

Front 34

list the electrolyte imbalances that can occur due to renal failure

Back 34

xs k, po4
xu ca, mg, na

Front 35

Trousseau's sign is indicative of

a) hypomagnesemia
b) hyperphosphatemia
c) hypocalcemia
d) all

Back 35

ALL

Front 36

lethargy and hyporeflexia occurs when

a) hypermagnesemia
b) hyperphosphatemia
c) hypocalcemia
d) all

Back 36

hypermagnesemia

(hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia)

Front 37

list the causes of hypo-calcemia

Back 37

hypothyroidism, hypomagnesemia
impaired intestinal absorption
renal failure

Front 38

which electrolyte imbalance can lead to osteomalacia and bone pain

Back 38

Ca Xu

Front 39

list the manifestations of Hypocalcemia

Back 39

parasthesia/numbness
skeletal muscle cramps**, ab cramps, hyperactive** reflexes, tetany**
carpal pedal spasm (Trousseau's)**
laryngeal spasm/choking
hypotension
tachycardia
osteomalacia** fracture, bone pain

Front 40

T/F

Hyperthyroidism can cause Hypercalcemia

Back 40

True

Front 41

lis the causes of hypercalcemia

Back 41

hyperthyroid
malignant tumor
prolonged immobilization
drugs - Lithium, Thiazide (diuretic)
increased intestinal absorption

Front 42

List the manifestations of Hypercalcemia

Back 42

thirst
muscle weakness** loss of tone**
stupor/lethargy
constipation**, anorexia
hypertension
polyuria,
KD Stone**

Front 43

a px with KD stones most likely has an excess of

Back 43

calcium

Front 44

which electrolyte imbalance can cause decreased ATP production

Back 44

hypo phosphatemia

Front 45

+ Chvostek's sign is common for which electrolyte imbalance

Back 45

hypo magnesemia