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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the conducting airways are lined with
a) stratified columnar epithelium b) squamus epithelium c) pseudostratified columnar epithel d) none |
pseudostratified
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the conducting airways contain all of the following except
a) cilia b) pulmonary arteries/veins c) mucus secreting cells d) tracheobronchial tree e) b,d |
pulmonary arteries/veins
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____ provides support to the trachea to prevent collapse
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C shaped cartilage rings
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the place where the right and left primary bronchi split is called ____
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carina
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where does gas exchange occur?
a) conducting airways b) respiratory lobules c) tracheobronchial tree d) all of the above |
respiratory lobules (respiratory membrane between alveoli/capillary)
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list the components of the tracheobronchial tree
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trachea
bronchi (L, R) bronchioles |
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list the components of the respiratory lobules
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respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveolar sacs pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins |
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the capillary network is located
a) bronchioles b) alveolar ducts c) alveolar septa d) none |
alveolar septa
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T/F
Type 1 & 2 cells are part of the alveolar duct |
F
Alveolar Sac |
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T/F Type 1 cells are used for gas exchange
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True
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T/F
Type 2 alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange |
F
secrete surfactant repair |
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list components of the alveolar sac
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type 1 cells
type 2 cells macrophages |
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T/F
the pulmonary vein is involved in gas exchange |
F
pulmonary artery- pulmonary circulation |
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Which is not a function of Bronchial Circulation
a) gas exchange b) supply blood to LU c) warm air d) humidify air |
gas exchange (pulmonary artery)
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T/F
The Rt Lu is larger and composed on 2 lobes |
F
RT is Larger with 3 lobes |
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T/F
intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the LU |
airway and alveolar pressure
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T/F
intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure become negative during inhalation |
T- drop in pressure allows air to flow into LU
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Which is a true statement
a) during inhalation intrathoracic prssr<atmospheric prssr b) during inhalation pulmonary prssr<atmospheric prssr c) during exhalation intrathoracic prssr<atmospheric prssr d) all of the above |
inhalation intrathoracic prssr<atmospheric prssr
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list the muscles involved in inhalation
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external intercostals
diaphragm |
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list the muscles involved in forced inhalation
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external intercostals
diaphragm SCM Scalenes |
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list muscles involved in exhalation
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recoil force , internal intercostals
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list muscles involved in forced exhalation
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diaphragm
abdominal muscles (esp rectus ab) |
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the tidal volume of the LU is approx
a) 3000ml b) 2500ml c) 1100ml d) 500 ml e) none |
500 ml
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what is the inspiratory reserve volume
a) 3000ml b) 2500ml c) 1100ml d) 500 ml e) none |
3000
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what is the expiratory reserve volume
a) 3000ml b) 2500ml c) 1100ml d) 500 ml e) none |
1100
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Which is the highest? Which is the lowest
a) vital capacity b) functional residual capacity c) inspiratory capacity d) total Lu capacity e) none |
total LU Capacity = highest
vital capacity inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity = lowest (increases with asthmatics) |
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tidal volume represents
a) normal inhalation b) normal exhalation c) normal inhale/exhalation d) air that is always inside the LU |
normal inhale/exhalation
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T/F inspiratory reserve volume represents normal inhalation
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F
forced inhalation |
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residual volume represents___
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air that is always in the LU
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Vital capacity is
a) TV+IRV+ERV+RV= 5800 b) TV+IRV=3500 c)TV+IRV+ERV=4600 d) RV+ERV=2300 |
TV+IRV+ERV=4600
air that can be deeply inhaled and exhaled |
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Which represents functional residual capacity?
a) TV+IRV+ERV+RV= 5800 b) TV+IRV=3500 c)TV+IRV+ERV=4600 d) RV+ERV=2300 |
RV+ERV=2300
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T/F
Asthmatics are likely to have a lo RV |
F
most asthmatics have difficulty exhaling and will have a hi RV |
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studies that that maximum voluntary ventilation occurs
a) 1-10 sec b) 5-15 sec c) 10-15 sec d) 5-20 sec |
10-15 sec
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which of the following factors does not affect LU Compliance
a) elastic fibers b) collagen fibers c) surfactant d) residual volume e) All are important for LU Compliance |
residual volume
(surfactant affects surface tension therefore important factor of compliance) |
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Vital capacity is
a) TV+IRV+ERV+RV= 5800 b) TV+IRV=3500 c)TV+IRV+ERV=4600 d) RV+ERV=2300 |
TV+IRV+ERV=4600
air that can be deeply inhaled and exhaled |
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Which represents functional residual capacity?
a) TV+IRV+ERV+RV= 5800 b) TV+IRV=3500 c)TV+IRV+ERV=4600 d) RV+ERV=2300 |
RV+ERV=2300
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T/F
Asthmatics are likely to have a lo RV |
F
most asthmatics have difficulty exhaling and will have a hi RV |
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studies that that maximum voluntary ventilation occurs
a) 1-10 sec b) 5-15 sec c) 10-15 sec d) 5-20 sec |
10-15 sec
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which of the following factors does not affect LU Compliance
a) elastic fibers b) collagen fibers c) surfactant d) residual volume e) All are important for LU Compliance |
residual volume
(surfactant affects surface tension in alveoli therefore important factor of compliance) |
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T/F
decreasing surfactant will increase alveolar compliance |
F
this will cause alveoli to collapse bc it will decrease surface tension |
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what is the equation for airway resistance
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R=1/r4 (r to the 4th power)
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Ventilation is affected by _______
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body position
LU volume |
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when seated or standing which part of the Lu gets the best ventilation
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base of LU- most compliant
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T/F
when seated/standing the alveoli in the apex are fully expanded and most compliant |
F
alveoli are fully expanded but therefore LESS compliant |
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how does LU Volume affect ventilation
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air flows through the most compliant/less full portions of the LU first
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define LU perfusion
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flow of blood through the pulmonary capillary bed
affected by gravity, hypoxia, pH |
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which is a true statement
a) pulm circulation is lo prssr hi resistance b) pulm circulation is hi prsse hi resistance c) pulm circulation is lo pressure lo resistance d) pulm circulation is hi pressure lo resistance |
lo prssr
lo resistance |
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list the factors that affect blood flow/perfusion of the LU
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gravity (base has best perfusion when seat/standing)
hypoxia-> vasoconstriction lo pH-> vasoconstriction |
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T/F Vasodilation occurs during hypoxia
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F- vasoconstriction
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T/F
when seated or standing the base of the LU has best perfusion |
T
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how does a decrease in pH affect perfusion
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decrease pH decrease perfusion due to vasoconstirction
(hypoxia also causes vasoconstriction and will decrease perfusion) |
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which law/equation is used to calculate diffusion of LU
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Ficks Law
V= [chng in Prssr x SA x D] / T |
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how will a change in SA affect diffusion
how will a change in prssr affect diffusion how will a change in thickness affect diffusion |
increase SA increase Diffusion
increase prssr gradient increase Diffusion increase Thickness decrease Diffusion |
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How does asthma often affect the dead space in ones lungs
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increases dead space
therefore decreases perfusion and causes mismatch of perfusion/ventilation ratio |
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what factors cause mismatch of ventilation/perfusion?
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Dead space (anatomic/alveolar)
Shunt Volume of blood from Rt->Lft Ht w/o being oxygenated (physiologic/anatomic) |
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T/F
Anxiety causing hyperventilation can cause a mismatch of the perfusion/ventilation ratio |
T
physiologic shunt- not allowing enough ventilation |
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which factors affect the vol of gas that can dissolve in plasma
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solubility of gas
partial pressure in alveoli |
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T/F
O2 transport occurs primarily in the dissolved form |
F
1% disolved 98-99% combo with Hb |
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How many molecules of O2 can bind to 1 molecule of Hb
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8 |
4
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Which has a greater solubility in plasma CO2 or O2
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CO2
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Which of the following will not increase O2 affinity for Hb
a) decrease pH b) decrease CO2 c) decrease T d) a,b e) all will increase affinity |
decrease pH decrease affinity
increase pH, decrease T, CO2 all increase affinity |
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CO2 is transported primarily as
a) dissolved form b) attached to Hb c) Bicarbonate d) none |
bicarb- 60% (HbCO3-)
attached to Hb- 30% dissolved- 10% |
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which area of the brain is primarily used to control overall breathing
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medulla
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T/F
the medulla is used to control inhaling |
F
Pons |
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in the brain
_____ excites inpsiration _____ turns off inspiration |
apneustic center of Pons - on
pneumotaxic center of Pons - off |
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T/F
the Dorsal group of the medulla is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing |
True
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What is the primary job of the ventral group of the medulla
a) forced inspiration b) forced expiration c) basic breathing rhythm d) a,b only e) all |
forced inspiration
forced expiration |
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list the types of chemoreceptors
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central- sensitive to short term CO2 changes (C for Central and Co2)
peripheral- sensitive to O2 changes |
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list the types of LU receptors
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stretch- acts locally to adjust respiratory rate, tidal vol, breathing work - prevent overstretch of alveoli (Hering-Breuer Reflex)
irritant-promote cough reflex and causes rapid shallow breathing to prevent irritant from entering LU |
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list the factors that affect breathing
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chemoreceptors
Lu receptors emotions, pain, chills |
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T/F
stretch receptors are located in the airways |
F
stretch- in alveoli irritant- in airways |
