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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most aggressive cell types are
a) Undifferentiated b) Poorly Differentiated c) Moderately Differentiated d) Fully Differentiated |
Undifferentiated/immature
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T/F
Benign tumors grow via expansion and are poorly defined |
F
benign- expansion, well defined malignant- infiltrate, poorly defined |
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lack of cell differentiation
a) anaplasia b) cancer cell c) function different from normal cells d) all |
all
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list the characteristics of cancer cell
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differ in size/shape/nucleus
differ in fnctn from normal cell different life span from normal cell lost of contact inhibition loss of cohesiveness metastasize via lymph/blood growth depends of growth fraction and doubling time |
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which factors affect tumor growth?
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growth fraction (dividing cell/resting cell)
doubling time |
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which is not true of benign tumor cells
a) well differentiated b) general effect on body c) well defined d) all are true of benign tumors |
general effect = malignant
local effect = benign |
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T/F
cancer can increase risk of thrombosis |
T- general effect can cause abnormal clotting
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which is not a general effect of cancer cells
a) hypoxia b) pain c) infection d) hypercalcemia e) all are general effects |
all
also: impaired function of involved tissue ischemia, bleeding ulceration, necrosis effusion of cavities anemia bone destruction cachexia/wasting inappropriate hormone prdctn |
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___ is a genetic mechanism where normal cells are transformed to cancer cells
a) Mutation b) Multifactorial Disorder c) Oncogenesis d) a, b e) a, c |
oncogenesis
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List the steps of oncogenesis
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initiation- exposure
promotion- abnormal cellular behavior progression- cancer |
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what is the mechanism of oncogenesis?
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mutation of proto-oncogene to oncogene
inactivation of anti-oncogene |
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list hereditary disorders related to oncogenesis
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breast cancer
familial adenomatous polyposis |
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list the components able to eradicate cancer cells
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T / B lymphocytes
antibodies natural killer cells macrophages |
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which is not able to eliminate cancer cells
a) antibodies b) B Lymphocytes c) macrophage d) phagocyte |
phagocyte
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All carcinogens are dose and age dependent
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F- all are dose dependent only
age and dose are factors for ionizing radiation |
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Which is not a chemical carcinogen
a) nitrosamine b) sun light c) cigarette smoke d) tar |
sun light = ionizing radiation
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List the diagnostic methods for detecting cancer
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pap smear
biopsy- most accurate tumor markers- monitor therapy Staging and Grading |
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Incorrect statement
a) grading assesses clinical spreading b) Tumor markers are used to monitor therapy c) Staging and Grading uses TNM system for treatment planning d) all are true |
staging assesses clinical spread
grading assesses histologic differentiation |
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True statement
a) pap smear is recommended for sexually active women b) biopsy can be done via laparoscope c) hCG is a common tumor marker d) all are true |
all are true
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list types of cancer treatment
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surgery
radiation chemotherapy hormone therapy biotherapy bone marrow/stem cell transplant gene therapy |
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this form of therapy is effective by breaking bonds of double stranded DNA
a) radiation b) chemotherapy c) gene therapy d) none |
radiation- also produces free radicals
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which form os treatment is most effective for tumors with hi growth rates
a) surgery b) radiation c) chemotherapy d) biotherapy |
chemo
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which is not true about chemotherapy
a) primary tx for hematologic disorders b) toxic to all cells c) most effective as combination therapy d) total dose is divided into multiple small doses |
total dose divided into multiple doses- radiation
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____ acts on different stages of cell cycle or metabolic pathway
a) hormone therapy b) radiation c) biotherapy d) chemotherapy |
chemotherapy
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T/F
radiation can be a curative form of treatment |
true (also adjunct or palliative tx)
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