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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which is a true statement about atrophy
a) it is a limited process b) decrease in number of cells c) only possible in cells that undergo mitosis d) decrease in cell size |
decrease in cell size = atrophy
ltd = hypertrophy mitosis = hyperplasia |
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what is not true about Hypertrophy
a) increase in cell number b) it is a limited process c) occurs as a normal physiologic response d) all are true |
increase in cell number= hyperplasia
Hypertrophy- increase in cell size |
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list the physiologic causes for Hyperplasia
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hormonal- ex: increase endometrial lining before menses
compensatory- ex: remove part of LV- cells regenerate tissue wound healing |
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T/F
Hyperplasia is a controlled process and will occur only if stimulus is present |
True- once stimulus is removed hyperplasia ceases
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list the causes of Hypertrophy
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Physiologic response
Pathologic adaptive Pathologic compensatory |
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list the causes of Atrophy
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disease
denervation (ex stroke) lack endocrine stimulation (ex menopause) decreased nutrition ischemia |
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T/F
atrophy cannot be reversed |
F- it is adaptive and reversible
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_____ related to atrophy of the HT and brain
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Brown Atrophy
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conversion of one adult cell type to another is ______
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metaplasia
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what is the major difference between metaplasia and dysplasia?
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metaplasia- new cells all look exactly alike
dysplasia- cells of particular tissue all look different |
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This can be caused by chronic irritation or inflammation
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metaplasia - ex GERD
dysplasia - Barretts Espohagus |
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T/F
dysplasia is a permanent change to cell type |
False
potentially reversible once cause has been removed |
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what is true about anaplasia
a) potentially reversible b) cancer cells c) GERD d) a,c e) All |
Cancer
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list the causes of cell injury
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physical
radiation chemical biologic nutritional imbalance |
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list the types of physical agents that can cause cell injury
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mechanical
thermal electrical |
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incorrect statement
a) AC current is most damaging b) hi voltage and intensity will cause greater damage to cells c) Nerve tissue is the most resistant to conduction d) a, b are false e) c, d are false |
Nerve = least resistant
Bone = most resistant increase resistance increase heat |
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T/F
Bone will generate more heat than muscle when exposed to electrical current |
true- bone can char even with sl burn on exterior bc it is the most resistant to current and conducts the most heat
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The following are true about Ionizing Radiation except
a) more susceptible is tissue w hi mitotic rate b) causes vibration of atoms c) vasodilation is immediate response d) gives rise to thermal energy e) a,c not true f) b,d not true |
atom vibration + thermal energy = non-ionizing radiation
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T/F
Cell injury due to radiation is independent of the dosage |
F- ionizing radiation= dose dependent
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Chelating agents are used to treat
a) Lead poisoning b) Bacterial invasion c) Ischemia d) none |
Lead poisoning
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true statement about Lead
a) absorbed thru LU, GI b) crosses placenta c) stored in bones d) disrupts CNS functioning |
ALL are true
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the following xu will increase lead absorption except
a) Potassium b) Calcium c) Iron d) Zinc |
K+
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Which is not a mechanism behind lead poisoning
a) denaturing protein b) bind to mRNA c) derange second msngrs in CNS d) all are mechanisms |
bind to tRNA
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What is not true about lead
a) targets white blood cells b) encephalopathy c) stored in KD d) a,b e) a,c |
targets RBCs CNS, GI, KD
stored in Bones, eliminated by KD (also causes demyelination and encephalopathy) |
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List the manifestations of Lead poisoning
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demyelination- numb, weakness
encephalopathy- brain damage, memory lead colic- ab pain lead line on gingival margin |
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List the mechanism of cellular injury
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Free Radical
Hypoxia/Ischemia Ca Imbalance |
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define Free Radical
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atom with 1 or more unpaired electrons in outer orbit -> unstable
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list the sources of Free Radicals
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Metabolic Pathways
Inflammatory process Carbon Monoxide/Tobacco organic solvents hyperoxic environ pesticide radiation drugs |
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T/F
Free radicals can arise breathing too much oxygen |
T
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What is true about Free Radicals
a) Impairs removal of toxic metabolic bi-products b) Inactivate Enzymes c) Impair Ca homeostasis d) a, b e) b,c |
Inactivates Enzymes
also: damages cell membranes damages nucleic acids (impaired removal = ischemia) (impaired Ca homeostasis = Hypoxia/Ischemia) |
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List the anti-oxidants used for tx of free radicals
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Vit E, C
Beta Carotene |
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T/F
Ischemia is limited to the venous system |
F-
Arterial system- bc blockage causes impaired removal of waste products |
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what is the difference between Hypoxia and Ischemia
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hypoxia- lo O2 supply to cells/tissues
ischemia- impaired O2 delivery, and removal of metab wastes |
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Which is not a cause for ischemia
a) anemia b) lo O2 air pressure c) respiratory disease d) none cause ischemia |
none- all causes for hypoxia - including edema, ischemia, and inability of cells to use O2
ischemia cause by blockage of blood flow, stroke, embolus |
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List the causes of hypoxia
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Lo O2 air pressure
respiratory disease ischemia anemia edema inability of cells to use O2 |
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List causes of Ischemia
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blockage of blood flow
stroke embolus |
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T/F
Hypoxia has a general effect on the body |
True
can be reversible or irreversible |
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What is not true about ischemia
a) has a general affect on the body b) increases cellular enzymes in blood c) related to blockage of arterial system d) all are true |
has a Local effect on body
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what is not a mechanism of Hypoxia
a) impaired generation of ATP b) increased cellular permeability c) lactic acid accumulation d) anaerobic metabolism |
lactic acid accumulation = ischemia
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list the common mechanism of Hypoxia and Ischemia
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interrupted O2 metab and ATP prdctn
impaired Na/K pump causes cell swelling increased cell permeability use anaerobic pathway impaired Ca homeostasis |
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manifestation of Hypoxia/Ischemia
a) Alzheimers b) programmed destruction of cells c) increased enzymes in blood d) none |
increased enzymes in blood
programmed cell death & alzheimers = manifestation of Apoptosis |
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list the causes of Ca imbalance
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hypoxia
ischemia toxin |
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What is the mechanism of a Ca imbalance
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impaired Ca/Mg pump causes Ca to flow into cell
Ca released from Mitochondria and ER increased cellular [Ca] causes enzyme activation (phospholipase, protease, ATPase, Endonuclease) |
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_____ eliminates cells to provide space for needed cell replacement
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apoptosis
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list manifestations of apoptosis
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programmed destruction of cell
hormone dependent involution of tissue cytotoxic T cell function cell injury neurovegitative disorders - alzheimers, parkinsons, ALS Cancer- oncogenes suppress apoptosis |
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T/F
Oncogenes stimulates unwanted apoptosis |
F
oncogenes suppress apoptosis |
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Which is not a manifestation of Apoptosis
a) Alzheimers b) cytotoxic T Cell function c) Death of RBCs d) all are manifestation |
All are manifestation
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type of necrosis where catalytic enzymes of death cells are not destroyed
a) liquefaction b) coagulation c) caseous d) all |
Liquefaction
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type of necrosis that occurs when acidosis denatures the enzymes
a) liquefaction b) coagulation c) caseous d) all |
coagulation
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form of immune mechanism
a) apoptosis b) caseous necrosis c) dry gangrene d) Free Radical |
caseous necrosis - pasty texture holds bacteria/dead cells inside
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List the characteristics of necrosis
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unregulated enzyme digestion of cell components
loss of cell membrane increased release of death enzymes into cell inflammation interference of cell replacement/tissue regeneration |
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T/F
Necrosis does not interfere with tissue replacement |
F- scar tissue interferes with cell replacement/tissue regeneratoin
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inflammation is a characteristic of
a) apoptosis b) ischemia c) necrosis d) all |
necrosis
(other characteristics: unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell, loss cell membrane integrity, interference with cell replacement/regeneration) |
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_____ is death of considerable mass of tissue
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Gangrene
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T/F
Wet gangrene is confined to the exremeities |
F- Dry gangrene
wet gangrene can affect internal organs |
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Incorrect statement
a) dry gangrene is related to impaired venous return b) wet gangrene is result of impaired arterial blood supply c) gas gangrene results from infection d) all are true |
dry gangrene- impaired arterial blood supply
wet gangrene- impaired venous return |
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which is related to dry gangrene
a) mild general symptoms b) line of demarcation c) coagulation necrosis d) all |
all
(also impaired arterial blood supply) |
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T/F
Dry gangrene is more severe than wet gangrene |
F
dry= mild wet= severe gas= fatal |
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T/F
dry gangrene spreads slowly while wet gangrene spreads rapidly |
true
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which form of gangrene is most common in diabetics
list the manifestations |
Dry
dry/wrinkled/dark skin slow spread clear line of demarcation mild general symptoms impaired arterial blood supply coagulation necrosis |
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which from of gangrene is most common with varicose veins
list the manifestations |
wet-
moist/black/cold/tense skin no line of demarcation foul smell sever general symptoms internal organs and extremities impaired venous return/congestion liquefaction necrosis |
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T/F
Gangrene is the cell death of an organ or tissue still part of a living person |
F
definition of necrosis Gangrene= death/necrosis of a considerable mass of tissue |
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List the types of necrosis
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liquefaction- enzymatic malfnctn
coagulation- acidosis caseous- immune |
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what is the primary objective of wound healing?
a) stimulate WBC production to prevent infection b) fill in gap of tissue destruction c) restore structural continuity d) all |
fill in gap
restore structural continuity |
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T/F
scar tissue is the replacement of an injured cell of the same parenchymal type |
F
regeneration |
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___ cells divide and replicate throughout lifetime
a) labile b) stable c) permanent d) all |
labile
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the following cell type is capable of regeneration
a) labile b) stable c) permanent d) all are capable |
labile- can always divide/replicate
stable- stop dividing when growth ceases but capable of regeneration when necessary as long as stromal framework exists |
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T/F
permanent cells stop dividing when growth ceases |
F
permanent cells cannot undergo mitosis stable cells stop dividing when growth ceases but capable of regeneration when necessary as long as stromal framework exists |
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T/F
HT muscle cells cannot undergo mitosis |
T- permanent type cells
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list the phases of wound healing
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inflammatory
proliferative remodeling |
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what is the difference between primary and secondary intention wound healing
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primary- minimal scar/infxn, ex stitches
secondary- natural healing- larger scar, increase chance of infection |
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why is connective tissue repair mechanism important
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allows replacement of permanent cells that do not regenerate by creating scar tissue
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list the phases of wound healing
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inflammatory
proliferative remodeling |
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the main cell type in inflammatory stage of wound healing
a) macrophage b) fibroblast c) collagen d) antibodies |
macrophage
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main cell type used during proliferative phase of wound healing
a) macrophage b) fibroblast c) collagen d) antibodies |
fibroblast
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t/f
during the remodeling stage the wound space is filled with new tissue |
F- that is proliferative phase- forms granular tissue via fibroblasts- begins after 2nd day of injury and lasts for 3 weeks
remodeling = simultaneous synth/destruction of collagen |
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this phase of wound healing causes dilation of capillaries
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inflammatory - begins at time of injury
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the remodeling phase lasts
a) days b) weeks c) months |
months- years
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The following factor is not involved with the formation of collagen
a) Vit A b) Vit C c) Vit K d) Oxygen |
Vit K- stops bleeding/prevents hematoma
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List the factors that affect wound healing
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malnutrition
blood flow/O2 impaired inflammatory/immune response infection/sound separation/foreign body age |
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which factor prolongs the inflammatory response and slows healing
a) protein xu b) O2 xu c) infection d) a,c e) b,c |
protein xu
infection (O2 xu increases risk of infection because waste removal is impaired) |
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T/F- children have a greater capacity to repair wounds faster than adults
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T- bc faster metabolism - BUT younger kids have a weaker immune system than adults
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list the factors that can impair the immune response to a wound
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phagocytic disorder
diabetes corticosteroid therapy |
