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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal Stress Response
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hypothalamus ------> CRH -------> pituitary -------> corticotropin or ACTH ------> adrenal cortex ----> cortisol and other corticosteroids
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Cortisol ----->
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1. decreased inflammatory response
2. elevated plasma glucose a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenolysis |
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sympathetic neurons
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autonomic nervous system
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adrenal medulla releases...
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epi and norepi
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systemic effects of sympathetic response
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- increase heart rate
- increase heart contractility - increase respiratory rate - CNS arousal - increase BP - pupillary dilation |
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Stress can affect the immune system by...
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- decreasing immune cell production
- decreasing thymus activity - changing the kind of immune cells produced - decreased antibody secretion |
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Rapid onset and development of symptoms
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Acute
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Slow onset and development of symptoms
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Chronic
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Condition occurring during gestation
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Congenital
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Conditions transmissible through genetic material
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Genetic, hereditary, familial
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Disease whose cause has not been determined
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Idiopathic
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Disease or disorder caused by medical or surgical care of the patient
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Iatrogenic or nosocomial
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Disease or disorder confined to a specific location
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Focal
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Disease or disorder whose causative mechanism involves dysfunction of one or more of the body's organ systems
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Metabolic
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Disease or disorder whose causative mechanism involves psychological dysfunction
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Psychosomatic
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Enlargement of individual cells
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Hypertrophy
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An increase in the numbers of cells found in a tissue
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Hyperplasia
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A decrease in the size of individual cells
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Atrophy
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The reversible replacement of a mature cell by another mature cell
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Metaplasia
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A change in a mature cell in response to chronic irritation
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Dysplasia
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Loss of differentiation
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Anaplasia
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An abnormal cell growth which is not responsive to normal controls for growth (tumor)
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Neoplasia
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Any disease manifestation which can be measured objectively.
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Sign
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Examples of Signs...
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Changes in pulse rate, temperature, ECG wave forms, respiration rate, brain wave activity
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Any disease manifestation which must be described by the patient
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Symptom
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Examples of symptoms....
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Pain, itching, difficulty in swallowing, nausea, headache, double vision....
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Examples of positive feedback
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- Parturition
- Blood clotting |
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Example of negative feedback
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hormonal control
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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- Rubor
- Tumor - Calor - Dolor - Loss of function |
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Rubor
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Redness, caused by vasodilation and hyperemia
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Tumor
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or turgor, is swelling of the inflamed area caused by vasodilation and hyperemia as well as edema
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Calor
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Heat, caused by hyperemia
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Dolor
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Chemical mediators that cause inflammation also directly stimulat pain nerve endings
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Movement of the leukobyte out of the blood flow and toward the walls of the blood vessel
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Margination
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The flattening of the leukocyte against the wall of the capillary
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Pavementing
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The movement of the leukocyte out of the capillary and into the tissue space of the inflamed area
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Diapedesis or emigration
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The normal body temp is determined by the body's thermostat...
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The hypothalamus
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Action of Thermoreceptors
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Thermoreceptors are found throughout the body, both superficially and deep. Can signal the need to increase or decrease body temp
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Endogenous Pyrogens
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Produced by phagocytic white blood cells. They will re-set the hypothalamus to a new, higher set point
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Bacterial Pyrogens
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Produced by bacterial cells. Most common are the LPS in the cell walls of gram + microbes
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Pyrogenic compounds enter brain ----->
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raise "set point" for thermostat in hypothalamus -----> body thinks it's too cold -----> "chill" heat production -----> shivering vasoconstriction
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Temperature rises to new set point ----->
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body thinks it is warm enough, fever -----> begins to lower temp -----> sweating, vasodilation (flush)
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