Pathophisiology

Front 1

a lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina

Back 1

Cataracts

Front 2

most common cause of blindness in the world accounting for nearly 48%

Back 2

Catatrcts

Front 3

50% of cases of Cataracts occur in persons between

Back 3

65 and 75

Front 4

75% of cases of cataracts occur in this age group

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75 years and older

Front 5

as the le s ages, new layers of fibers are added to and the lens nucleus is compressed and become harder with associated yellowing of the lens.

Back 5

Nuclear sclerosis cataracts

Front 6

an increase in the focus power of the leans, creating a myopic shift results in

Back 6

increased near vision without wearing glasses-early stages of cataracts

Front 7

heredity, environmental and metabolic influences, drugs and trauma may be involved in the development of _______

Back 7

cataracts

Front 8

Long-term exposure to sunlight and heavy smoking has been associated with increased risk of ________

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cataracts formation

Front 9

disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes) or inborn errors of metabolism have been known to cause this disease_________

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Cataracts

Front 10

Corticosteroids drugs have been implicated as a causative agent of ________

Back 10

Cataracts

Front 11

characterized by increasingly blurred vision and visual distortion can be bilateral or unilateral

Back 11

Cataracts

Front 12

How is cataracts diagnosed?

Back 12

With and ophthalmoscopic examination and the degree of visual impairment on the snellen vision test

Front 13

difficulty focusing eyes that occurs as we age

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Presbyopia

Front 14

a chronic, degenerative optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss

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Glaucoma

Front 15

Second leading cause of blindness in the world

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glaucoma

Front 16

results in a significant loss in peripheral vision

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Glaucoma

Front 17

increased intraocular pressure and decreased blood flow to the optic nerve results in ___________

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Glaucoma

Front 18

Most common type of glaucoma

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Open-Angle Glaucoma

Front 19

In this type of glaucoma the intraocular pressure increases gradually over an extended period

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Open-Angle Glaucoma

Front 20

Painless, insidious, bilateral tunnel vision, blurred vision, halos around lights and decreased color discrimination

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Manifestation of open-angle glaucoma

Front 21

This type of glaucoma is a medical emergency

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Closed Angle Glaucoma

Front 22

Results from a sudden blockage of aqueous humor outflow

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Closed angle Glaucoma

Front 23

trauma, sudden pupil dilation(e.g. exposure to bright light after prolonged exposure to darkness), prolonged pupil dilation(e. g. medications for eye examinations and emotional stress

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Cause of closed angle Glaucoma

Front 24

sudden and severe eye pain, headach, nausea, vomitiong, a nonreactive pupil, redness, haziness of the cornea, and vision changes (e.g. halos around lights)

Back 24

Manifestations of closed angle glaucoma

Front 25

Result of abnormal development of outflow channels (trabecualar meshwork) of the eye

May go unnoticed for a few months.
X-linked, recessive hereditary pattern

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Congenital Glaucoma

Front 26

Result of certain medications (e.g. corticosteroids), eye diseases (e.g. uveitis and nearsightedness) and systemic diseases (e.g. arteriosclerosis and diabetes mellitus

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Secondary Glaucoma

Front 27

-Cloudy, Fuzzy, Foggy or filmy vision
-Color intensity loss
-Diplopia (double vision)
-Impaired night vision gradually progressing to impaired day vision
-Halos around lights
-Photo sensitivity
-Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact prescription

Back 27

Manifestations of Cataracts

Front 28

Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, usually involving an imbalance in bone formation and resorption

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Otosclerosis

Front 29

Abnormal spongelike bone grows in the middle ear, preventing the ear structures from vibrating in response to sound waves.

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Otosclerosis

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-More common in women and Caucasions,
-Pregnancy may also trigger.
-Typically affects both ears
-Tinnitus may also be present
-Conductive hearing loss my progressively worsen

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Otosclerosis

Front 31

Spontaneously, severe nearsightness, trauma diabetes mellitius, inflammation, degenerative aging changes and scar tissue.

Back 31

Some causes of retinal detatchment

Front 32

typically painless, flashes of light in eh peripheral visual field, blurred vision, floaters, and darkening vision

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Manifestations of Retinal Detachment

Front 33

this is caused because the eustachian tubes in young children are ________, ______, and ________

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Otitis Media, narrower, straighter and shorter

Front 34

caused by fluid accumulation in the middle are due to adenoid enlargement

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Otitis Media

Front 35

Disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling

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Meniere's Disease

Front 36

exact cause unknown but may be associated with head injuries, otis media, and syphilis

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Menieres's Disease

Front 37

-Typically occursa in waves of acute episodes that last several months followed by brief periods of relief
-attacks triggered by changes in barometric pressure or any of any of the riskfactors
-Include intermittent episodes of vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus, and unilateral hearing loss, and a sensation of fullness

Back 37

Meniere's Disease

Front 38

Allergic rhinitis, alcohol consumption, stress, fatigue, certain medications (i.e. asprin), and respiratory infections

Back 38

Risk factors for Meniere's Disease