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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abnormality of eye coordination or alignment; one eye deviates from the other when the person is looking at an object
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Strabismus
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Neuromuscular disorder of the eye muscle, thyroid disease, cerebral hemisphere abnormalities
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etiology of Strabismus
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Treatment of Strabismus
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Occlusive patching, eye excercises, and prism glasses
Drug therapy: long acting miotics in weak strength surgical intervention-strenghten muscle by alternating length or attachment site |
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diminished vision without a detectable organic lesion
"lazy eye"; occurs between infancy-5years of age. Caused by cataracts severe ptosis, strabismus |
Amplyopia
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involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes
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nystagmus
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regular to and fro movement of the eyes
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pendular nystagmus
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one phase of eye movement faster than the other
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jerk nystagmus
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fluid within the eye
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aqueous humor
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what produces aqueous humor?
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ciliary bodies
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How does Aq humor flow?
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from posterior chamber through pupil to anterior chamber
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How does Aq humor exit the anterior chamber?
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by passing through the trabecular meshwork into the Canal of Schlemm
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Normal IOP
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13-22 mm Hg
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backup of Aq fluid in the eye, resulting in increased pressure, compressed nerve cells, damage to the optic nerve. causes loss of visual field
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Glaucoma
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Leading cause of blindness in the US
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Primary open-angle glaucoma
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Aq humor is unable to drain form canal due to obstruction; canal has NORMAL opening
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primary open angle glaucoma
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Symptoms of primary open angle glaucoma
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progressive loss of peripheral vision then central vision
painless NO symptoms until extensive optic nerve damage vision loss irreversible |
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Risk factors of Primary open angle glaucoma
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~elevation of IOP
~race (AA) ~family history of POAG ~advancing age |
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Treatment of POAG
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beta blockers, cholinergic agonists, adrenergic agonists, prostagandins, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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Emergency condition; angle is narrow; iris may be displaced and cover trabecular meshwork; rapid increase of Aq humor and IOP
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closed-angle glaucoma
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Symptoms of closed angle glaucoma
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~sudden onset of severe eye pain
~Nauses and Vomiting ~irreversible vision loss in 1-2 days |
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Treatment of closed angle glaucoma
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beta clockers, cholinergic agonists, CAI's, to control the attack followed by corrective surgery
~laser iridatomy and iredectomy |
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cloudy lens with loss of vision; bilateral loss at different rates
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cataracts
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Causes of cataracts
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~trauma to the eye
~elevated glucose levels in Aq humor ~radiation exposure ~viruses ~chemicals ~infections ~vitamin deficincies ~advancing age |
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Symptoms of cataracts
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grayish, pearly haze of pupil and loss of vision
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treatment of cataracts
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surgical lens implant
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spontaneous separation of the retina from the epithelium layer
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retinal detachment
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causes of retinal detachment
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trauma
congenital malformations diabetic retinopathy intraocular inflammation neoplasms aging |
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symptoms of retinal detachment
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floaters
flashers of light blurred black spots ~painless sensation of curtain coming over the eye |
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treatment of retinal detachment
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eye rest, ocular surgery
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retinal vascular changes caused bby diabetes
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diabetic retinopathy
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With diabetic retinopathy, the blood vessels weaken and the following occur:
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-formation of microaneurysm
-capillary dilation -decreased capillary bloodflow and capillary atrophy -retina becomes ischemic and stimulate growth of new vessels (neurovascularization) |
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symptoms of diabetic retinapothy
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-blurred central vision
-cloudy/hazy vision sudden onset -floaters or flashers -loss of vision |
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treatment of diabetic retinopathy
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prevention-regular eye exams
laser photocoagulation surgery to seal leaking bloodvessels and destroy abnormal ones |
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gradual breakdown of cells in the macula; blurring of central vision; characterized by drusen
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dry macular degeneration
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single or multiple, small, round, yellow-white spots
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drusen
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newly created abnormal BV grow under the center of retina; BV leak, bleed and scar retina, distorting central vision; vision loss may be rapid; may move from one eye to the other
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wet or exudative macular degeneration
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change in outer or middle ear impairs conduction of the sound from the outer to inner ear
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conductive hearing loss
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Etiology of conductive hearing loss
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impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, benign tumors, eustachian tube dysfunction, otitit media, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis
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sypmtoms of conductive hearing loss
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diminished hearing and soft voice
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disorders that affect the inner ear, auditory nerve, or suditory pathways of the brain.
GRADUAL or SUDDEN hearing loss |
sensorineural hearing loss
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combo of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
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mixed hearing loss
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does not respond to voice and appears not to hear
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functional hearing loss
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inner ear disorder, unilateral
fluid distention of endolymph system causing herniation and rupture of endolymphatic membrane etiology: trauma, infection, allergy, adrenal/pituitary insufficiency and hypothyroidism |
meniere's disease
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S&S of Meneire's Disease
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tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss
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usually bilateral and may be reversible in early stages
slow progressive or continuing hearing loss high pitched tinnitus loss first, then low pitched associated with ASA overdose, aminoglycosides, vancomycin |
drug induced ototoxicity
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inflammation w/ swelling and clear drainage progressing to purulent drainage with canal obstruction
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Otitis externa (swimmers ear)
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fluid accumulation in MIDDLE EAR with ear pain, fever, and inflammed tympanic membrane
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Acute otitis media
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Normal PH Range
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7.35-7.45
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Normal PaCO2
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35-45
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Normal HCO3
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22-26
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3 regulatory systems that help prevent serious complications when pH is off
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chemical buffer system
respiratory system kidneys |
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caused by a lack of bicarbonate, the lungs increase their rate to blow off CO2, raising pH levels
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metabolic acidosis
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excess bicarbonate levels signal the lungs to decrease their rate, in order to retain CO2, decreasing pH levels
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metabloic alkalosis
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PaCO2 is high, the kidneys retain bicarbonate, and excrete acid, increasing pH levels
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respiratory acidosis
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PaCO2 is low, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate, hold on to more acid, decreasing pH levels
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respitory alkalosis
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measures hydrogen concentration in the blood
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pH
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measures the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood, which indicates affectiveness of ventilation
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PaCO2
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moves in the oposite direction as pH
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PaCo2
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moves in the same direction as pH
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HCO3
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measures partial pressure exerted by oxygen dissolved in arterial blood.
Normal values 80-100 |
PaO2
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diabetic ketoacidosis salicylate OD
renal failure diarrhea sepsis shock |
causes of metabloic acidosis
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hypoventilation
drug overdose pulmonary edema chest trauma neuromuscular disease COPD airway obstruction |
causes of respiratory acidosis
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hyperventilation
initial stages of pulmonary emboli hypoxia fever pregnancy high altitudes anxiety |
causes of respiratory alkalosis
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loss of gastric juices overuse of antacids
potassium wasting diuretics |
metabolic alkalosis
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base of greatest clinical signifance
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HCO3-
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excreted from body as gas
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volatile
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metabolized or excreted from body in a water fluid
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nonvolatile
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primary buffer system in body
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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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respiratory center is stimulated during_________.
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acidosis
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respiratory center is depressed during _________.
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alkalosis
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O2Sat
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95-100
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Respiratory
Opposite Metabolic Equal |
Respiratory if pH and CO2 are opposite
pH and HCO3 are the same |
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hypoventilation caused by:
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anesthia, barbiturates, narcotics
head trauma cardiac arrest pneumothorax emphysema asthma bronchitis pneumonia pulmonary edema improperly regulated ventilator ALS Guillain disorders |
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S&S of respiratory acidosis
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dyspnea
hypoxia headache tremors decreaded level of consciousness mental confusion drowsiness to coma |
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treatment of respiratory acidosis
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correct underlying cause of hypoventilation: bronchodilators, oxygen, remove foreign objects
pulmonary toilet oxygen administration for acute onset |
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S&S of respiratory alkalosis
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rapid, deep breathing
anxiety, panic numbness & tingling tetany + Trousseau's & Chvostek's convulsions confusion |
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respiratory alkalosis has many symptoms of hypocalcemia because...
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alkalosis increases binding of plasma calcium with albumin and reduces ionized calcium levels
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treatment of resp. alkalosis
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breathe in bag
rebreathe CO2 through special device sedatives if patient is extremely anxious |
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S&S of metabolic acidosis
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hyperkalemia
hypercalcemia drowsiness weakness decreasing levels of consciousness coma vasodilation-->hypotension cardiac dysrhythmias bradycardia Nausea/vomiting abdominal pain |
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treatment of metabolic acidosis
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correct underlying cause
correct loss of bicarbonate from GI tract give diabetics insulin + fluid to reverse production of keytone bodies |
