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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Importance of Glucose-6-phosphate enzyme isoforms?
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Clonality can depict neoplasm. Normally you inherit a G6PD isotype from each parent. The ratio of each type should be 1:1. If it's asymmetrical you have a monoclonal growth that can indicate a neoplastic growth. Theoretically any X-linked isoform would work, so if androgen receptors have isotypes you could use those instead. X-linked and thus ONLY WORKS ON WOMEN
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B cell clonality determined by Ig light chain phenotype
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Ig has 2 heavy, 2 light chains each b cell expresses light chains that are either kappa or lambda
the NORMAL ratio is 3:1 kappa to lambda any extreme asymmetry from this ratio could indicate neoplasm |
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3:1 ratio represents?
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kappa to lamda KAPPA TO LAMDA KAPPA TO LAMDA 3-1 KAPPA LAMDA
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Enlarged lymph node DDx
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Metastatic Cancer
Reactive hyperplasia due to infection Lymphoma DIAGNOSTIC FOR LYMPHOMA is a Kappa to Lamda ratio that is NOT 3:1 |
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Lamda to Kappa ratio of 3:1 and enlarged lymph node
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LYMPHOMA
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Kappa to Lamda ratio of 3:1 and enlarged lymph node
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NORMAL
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Aflatoxin
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hepatocellular carcinoma, derived from Aspergillus which can contaminate stored grains
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history with a grain silo
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Aspergillus, can make aflatoxins which cause hepatocellular carcinoma
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Alkylating agents
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Leukemia/lymphoma this can be a side effect of chemotherapy
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Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus
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alcohol
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