Pathology_Cellular Adaptations

Front 1

permanent cells

Back 1

do not divide, have left the cell cycle.
ex. muscle cells + neurons

Front 2

stable cells

Back 2

In G0 but can reenter G1
ex. hepatocytes

Front 3

labile cells

Back 3

continuously cycling
ex. skin, GI epithelium

Front 4

stem cells

Back 4

pluripotent precursor cells that replenish differentiated cells

Front 5

Atrophy, definition and causes

Back 5

Decrease in cell size --> decrease in organ size + number

1. Decrease in workload
2. denervation (ex. polio)
3. dec. blood suppy (ischemia)
4. loss of endocrine stim.
(sex organ atrophy post menopause, prostatic atrophy post castration)
5. duct obstruction or pressure
6. inadequate nutrition (cachexia)

Front 6

Lipofuscin

Back 6

Brown indigestible material that accumulates after autophagocytosis.

Found in aging cells.

Possibly due to auto-oxidation of unsaturated lipids.

Front 7

hypertrophy

Back 7

increase in cell SIZE, not number

1. increased functional demand
(body building, LVH)
2. increased hormone stimulation ( myometrium in pregnancy)

Front 8

hyperplasia

Back 8

Increase in cell number

1. increased hormonal stim.
(breast growth post lactation, wound healing)
2. compensatory hyperplasia/hypertophy
(hepatocyte regeneration)

Front 9

metaplasia

Back 9

one adult cell type replaced by another.

1. Barrett's Esophagus.
Squamous --> simple columnar
2. Squamous cell metaplasia of Bronchial Epithelium
(ciliated pseduosstratified --> squamous)
3. endocervix junction

Front 10

subcellular hypertrophy

Back 10

subcellular hypertrophy
of SER after treatment with drugs metabolized by CYP450. (phenobarbital, CCL4)