Pathology_2 09: Acute Renal Failure

Front 1

3 normal kidney responses to hypovolemia

Back 1

vasodilation of afferent arteriole
vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
maximal reabsorption of Na+ and water

Front 2

3 molecules which cause vasodilation of afferent arteriole

Back 2

PGE2
PGI2 (prostacyclin)
NO

Front 3

3 causes of prerenal azotemia

Back 3

hypovolemia from fluid loss
reduced effective plasma volume
kidney homeostasis deficiency

Front 4

4 causes of reduced effective plasma volume

Back 4

severe HF
shock
vasodilator drugs
nephrotic syndrome

Front 5

deficient kidney homeostasis is caused by ___ (3)

Back 5

PG inhibitors (NSAIDs)
ACEIs
ARBs

Front 6

the most common cause of renal azotemia is ___. less common causes are ___ (4)

Back 6

ATN
acute interstitial nephritis
RPGN
embolization
DIC

Front 7

2 kinds of ATN

Back 7

ischemic
nephrotoxic

Front 8

ischemic ATN is a progression of ___

Back 8

prerenal azotemia

Front 9

nephrotoxic ATN is mostly caused by ___ such as ___ (3)

Back 9

aminoglycosides
radiocontrast
anesthetics

Front 10

ATN is most extensive in the ___ kind

Back 10

nephrotoxic

Front 11

in ATN, ___ are increased and ___ are decreased

Back 11

vasoconstrictors
vasodilators

Front 12

3 pathological findings in ATN

Back 12

tubular necrosis
tubular casts
regenerative epithelium

Front 13

ATN patients usually have ___cc of urine/day, but some patients (especially ___) may be ___.

Back 13

<400
nephrotoxic
non-oliguric

Front 14

T/F: ATN is irreversible

Back 14

false

Front 15

HTN leads to ___

Back 15

benign nephrosclerosis

Front 16

benign nephrosclerosis is characterized by ___ kidneys with ___

Back 16

contracted
fine surface scarring

Front 17

on LM benign nephrosclerosis is visible as ___. the deposits are composed of ___ (2).

Back 17

hyaline arteriolosclerosis
plasma proteins
lipid

Front 18

arteriolosclerosis causes ___ which causes ___ which causes ___

Back 18

lumen reduction
glomerular ischemia
GS

Front 19

in medium-sized arteries, HTN causes ___ in the ___ (2)

Back 19

fibroelastic hyperplasia
intima
media

Front 20

in kidney, only ___ has arteriolosclerosis, because of ___.

Back 20

afferent arteriole
higher BP

Front 21

malignant HTN has diastolic BP of ___

Back 21

>130

Front 22

3 malignant HTN risk factors

Back 22

blacks
renal failure
scleroderma

Front 23

3 LM changes in malignant HTN

Back 23

necrotizing arteriolitis
hyperplastic arteriolitis
necrotizing glomerulitis

Front 24

necrotizing arteriolitis is aka

Back 24

fibrinoid necrosis

Front 25

hyperplastic arteriolitis is aka and is due to ___

Back 25

onionskinning
proliferation of intimal smooth muscle

Front 26

in malignant HTN, ___ (3) are very high and ___ is low

Back 26

renin
angiotensin
endothelin
NO

Front 27

___ is the most common curable HTN

Back 27

renal artery stenosis

Front 28

70% of the time renal artery stenosis is caused by ___
30% of the time it's caused by ___

Back 28

atherosclerosis at renal artery ostium
fibromusclar dysplasia along whole artery

Front 29

possible physical exam finding for renal artery stenosis

Back 29

abdominal bruit

Front 30

most common form of fibromuscular dysplasia in renal artery stenosis is ___ in the ___ of the artery.

Back 30

medial proliferation
middle and distal parts

Front 31

2 syndromes in thrombotic microangiopathy

Back 31

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Front 32

thrombi in thrombotic microangiopathy are in ___ (2)

Back 32

small arteries
arterioles

Front 33

HUS has __ (3)

Back 33

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia
ARF

Front 34

TTP has the 3 features of HUS plus ___

Back 34

neurological symptoms

Front 35

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia is ___

Back 35

fragmentation of RBCs when they pass by a clot

Front 36

3 causes of HUS

Back 36

ETEC in children
gram neg sepsis
CTX

Front 37

whereas HUS/TTP primarily causes fibrinoid necrosis in ___ (2), it always causes ___ in ___.

Back 37

malignant HTN
scleroderma
glomerular thrombi
DIC

Front 38

diffuse cortical necrosis is common/rare and can be caused by ___

Back 38

obstetric disorders
septic shock
surgery
severe thrombotic angiopathy

Front 39

adult polycystic kidney disease is a ___ trait encoded on chromosome ___. the gene is ___ and codes for ___.

Back 39

AD
16
PKD-1
polycystin

Front 40

APKD is usually asymptomatic until ___ decades.

Back 40

3rd-5th

Front 41

3 most common findings associated with APKD

Back 41

hepatic cysts (40%)
mitral valve prolapse (25%)
berry aneurysms (10% fatality)

Front 42

extrarenal findings in childhood PKD

Back 42

hepatic cysts
bile duct proliferation
congenital hepatic fibrosis

Front 43

unlike in cirrhosis, in congenital hepatic fibrosis there are no ___

Back 43

regenerative nodules