Pathology Topic 6 Introduction To Neoplasia

Front 1

neoplasm definition

Back 1

heritably altered, relatively autonomous growth of tissue

Front 2

what are the two components of neoplasm

Back 2

parenchyma and stroma

Front 3

what are the characteristics of parenchyma

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clonal proliferation, determines the name of the neoplasm

Front 4

what are the qualities of the stroma

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nonclonal supporting tissue (connective tissue and blood vessels), may add qualifier to name of tumor, can form a desmoplasia

Front 5

what is a desmoplasia

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when neoplasm begings to invade, the formation of a relatively dense, collagenous stroma. body's attempt to contain the tumor

Front 6

what does stroma have to do with neoplasia hardness?

Back 6

neoplasm with little stroma = soft;
neoplasm with dense stroma = hard (aka scirrhous - hard and fibrous)

Front 7

what type of tissue is endothelium for pathologists

Back 7

mesenchymal. it is not considered epithelium

Front 8

what are benign and malignant mesenchymal neoplasms suffixes

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-oma, sarcoma

Front 9

whare benign and malignant epithelial neoplasms suffixes

Back 9

-oma, carcinoma

Front 10

prefix for adipocyte

Back 10

lipo

Front 11

prefix for fibroblast neoplasm

Back 11

fibro

Front 12

prefix for chondrocyte neoplasm

Back 12

chondro

Front 13

prefix for smooth muscle neoplasm

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leiomyo

Front 14

prefix for skeletal muscle neoplasm

Back 14

rhadomyo

Front 15

2 names for endothelium neoplasm

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hemangioma and angiosarcoma

Front 16

what are mitotic figures

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Mitotic figure: microscopic appearance of a cell undergoing mitosis

Front 17

what are the 3 types of epithelial neoplasms

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benign and malignant versions of squamous, glandular, neuroendocrine

Front 18

benign and malignant squamous neoplasm names

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papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma

Front 19

benign and malignant glandular neoplasm names

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benign: adenoma, cystadenoma, villous adenoma
malignant: adenocarcinoma

Front 20

benign and malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm names

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benign: inconsistent
malignant: small cell carcinoma

Front 21

papilloma definition

Back 21

papilloma: fingerlike projection with fibrovascular core

Front 22

what are the combination neoplasms composed of

Back 22

epithelial and mesenchymal or
3 germ layers

Front 23

what are the benign and malignant names for the epithelial + mesenchymal neoplasms

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benign: mixed tumor
malignant: carcinosarcoma

Front 24

what is the name for the more than one germ layer neoplasm

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teratoma

Front 25

what are some cases of breaking the neoplasm rules for nomenclature and benign vs malignant characteristics

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locally invasive but not capable of metastasis, brain neoplasm (named according to their own rules), borderline tumors (between benign and mal), sloppy nomenclature

Front 26

lymphoma definition

Back 26

malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes

Front 27

melanoma definition

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mal neoplasm of melanocytes

Front 28

melanocytic nevus

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benign neoplasm of melanocytes

Front 29

hepatoma

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a malignant neoplasm of hepatocytes (hepatocellular carcinoma is proper name)

Front 30

hydratidiform mole

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neoplasm of placenta

Front 31

leukemia

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neoplasm of leukocytes in bone marrow or neoplasm of lymphocytes

Front 32

lymphoma

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neoplasm of lymph nodes typically composed of lymphocytes

Front 33

choristoma

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choristoma: ectopic tissue making a mass, not a neoplasm

Front 34

hamartoma

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not a neoplasm, collection of normal cells in normal location with abnormal architecture

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hematoma

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bruise not a neoplasm, blood vessels leaking

Front 36

seminoma

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germ cell tumor (cancer) of the testis.

Front 37

what is the number one cancer in terms of incidence

Back 37

nonmelanous skin cancer: don't metastasize and are easily cured if caught early

Front 38

what is the number one cancer killer for both men and women

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lung and bronchus cancer

Front 39

what does obesity do to cancer risk

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increases it

Front 40

what cancers does alcohol increase your risk of

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oropharynx, esophagus, liver

Front 41

what does sexual activity do to cancer risk

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lower age of first sex correlated with increased incidence of uterine cervix cancer

Front 42

what cancers does smoking increase your risk of

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lung/bronchus, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder

Front 43

what does getting older do to cancer incidence

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it goes up for some cancers

Front 44

what are the most popular cancers in children

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leukemia>CNS>sarcoma>>carcinoma

Front 45

what are the most popular cancers in adults

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carcinoma>leukemia/lymphoma>sarcoma

Front 46

retinoblastoma is caused by

Back 46

autosomal dominant cancer caused by tumor suppressor gene (RB mutation) point mutation

Front 47

familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by

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autosomal dominant cancer caused by tumor suppressor gene (APC mutation) point mutation

Front 48

what is the phenotype of familial adenomatous polyposis

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tons of polyps! by 20ish yo is cancer

Front 49

most autosomal dominant cancer syndromes are

Back 49

caused by mutations in tumor suppressor genes, however MEN 2 (RET oncogene mutation) and HNPCC (genetic heterogeneity deficit in mismatch repair) aren't.

Hint 49

HNPCC is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Most people with HNPCC inherit the condition from a parent. However, due to incomplete penetrance, variable age of cancer diagnosis, cancer risk reduction, or early death, not all patients with an HNPCC gene mutation have a parent who had cancer.

Front 50

what is Li-Fraumeni caused by

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autosomal dominant cancer caused by P53 mutation (tumor suppressor gene)

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what is MEN 1 caused by

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autosomal dominant cancer caused by MEN1 mutation. MEN1 is a gene that encodes menin, a putative tumor suppressor associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. These disorders greatly increase the risk of developing multiple cancerous and noncancerous tumors in glands such as the parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreas. Multiple endocrine neoplasia occurs when tumors are found in at least two endocrine glands. Tumors can also develop in organs and tissues other than endocrine glands. If the tumors become cancerous, some cases can be life-threatening. The disorder affects 1 in 30,000 people.

Front 52

what is xeroderma pigmentosum

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increased incidence of skin cancer caused by autosomal recessive mutation that causes defective DNA repair

Front 53

what are some defective DNA repair cancer syndromes

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xeroderma pigmentosum (AR), ataxia telangiectasia (AR), Bloom syndrome (AR), HNPCC (autosomal dominant)

Front 54

what are familial cancers caused by

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probably polygenic except for breast cancer which can be associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation

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what are some familial cancers

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colon, breast, ovary, brain, skin (melanoma)

Front 56

what are some qualities of cancer families

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usually earlier age of onset than non-familial, frequently multiple and/or bilateral cancers, greater than or equal to 2 close relatives with same cancer

Front 57

most benign neoplasms don't undergo

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malignant transformation

Front 58

some diseases do what to cancer risk

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increase it

Front 59

what are some diseases that cause increased cancer risk

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idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, crohn disease), helicobacter pylori gastritis, viral hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic atrophic gastritis, actinic keratosis, leukoplakia

Hint 59

An actinic keratosis is a scaly or crusty bump that forms on the skin surface. They are also called solar keratosis, sun spots, or precancerous spots. Dermatologists call them "AK's" for short.

Leukoplakia is a clinical term used to describe patches of keratosis[1] . It is visible as adherent white patches[2] on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, but also other areas of the gastro-intestinal tract, urinary tract and the genitals.