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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name for the cause of a disease?
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Etiology
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What is name for the development of a disease?
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Pathogenesis
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What are the names for the Biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body?
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Molecular and Morphologic changes
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What are the functional consequences caused by disease called?
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clinical manifestations
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What are the two pathways that a cell may take as a result of stress?
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adaptation and or cell injury
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What are two outcomes of irreversible injury?
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Necrosis and Apoptosis
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What are the four ways a cell may adapt to a stress?
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Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Metaplasia
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What is the pathologica form of hypertrophy almost always stimulated by?
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Hormones and growth factors
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What are the mechanisms of hypertrophy?
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Inducement by mechaniscal sensors, gwoth factors, or vasoactive agents; switch of proteins from adult to fetal/neonatal forms; selective hypertrophy of organelles
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What are the main biochemical mechanisms behind myocardial hypertrophy?
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Mechanical stretch, agonists, growth factors (IGF-1, ANF)
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What are the main categories of Hyperplasia?
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Physiologic: Hormonal, Compensatory
Pathologic: hormonal, growth factor stimulation |
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Warts and endometrial hyperplasi exhibit what type of hyperplasia?
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Pathological
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Normal breast development exhibits what type of hyperplasia?
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Hormonal
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Wound healing and liver regeneration exhibit what type of hyperplasia?
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Compensatory
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What is hte main mechanism of hyperplasia
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growth factor driven proliferation of mature cells or increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells
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What is atrophy?
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reduced size due to decreased cell number or size or both
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What causes atrophy?
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Decreased workload, deinnervation, reduced blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine function, pressure (tumor/Breast implant)
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What are the mechanisms of atrophy?
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decreased protein synthesis and increased degredation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; autophagy
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Alzheimer's exhibits what type of adaptation?
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atrophy
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What is metaplasia?
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Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
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What is the most common type of metaplasia?
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columnar to squamous - occurs in repiratory tract in response to chronic irritation; thus the most common type of malignancy in the lungs is composed by squamous cells
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What is the metaplasia found in barrets esophagus?
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squamous to columnar - form typically adenocarcinoma (glandular carcinomas)
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What is connective tissue metaplasia?
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formation of cartilage bone or adipose tissues in tissues that do not normally contain these tissues
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What are the three main types of metaplasia?
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Columnar to squamous, Squamous to columnar, connective tissue metaplasia
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What is myositis ossificans?
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bone formation in muscle
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What may cause malignancy in metaplastic epithelium?
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continued stimulation
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What may cause columnar to squamous metaplasia?
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Lungs - vitamin A def. and or smoking
Bile Ducts - Irritation other - Irritation |
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What may cause squamous to columnar metaplasia?
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GERD
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How does one distinguish a barretts metaplasia microscopically?
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Goblet cells which should be pressent in the upper GI
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Cervical Squamous metaplasia may cause susceptibility to what virus?
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HPV 16 and 18 -> cervical cancer
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What are the two main mechanisms of metaplasia?
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reprogramming of stem cells that exist in normal tissues or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue
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What are the main categories of cell injury and death?
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Hypoxia/anoxia (Causes called ischemia), physical agents, Chemical agents (drugs), infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances
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What are the four main causes of hypoxia?
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ischemia, insufficient aeration due to cardiorespiratory failure, decreased oxygen carrying capacity (anemia, CO poisoning) or significant blood loss
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What are the physical agents of cell injury and death?
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Mechanical, extreme temperatures, pressure changes, radiation, electric shock
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What are the categories of infectious agents?
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Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, fungi, Parasites
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what are some examples of genetic causes of cell injury or death?
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Down's (retardation, heart defects, acute leukemia)
Sickle cell anemia Enzymatic deficiencies - PKU, SCID, Tay-Sachs |
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What are some examples of nutritional imbalances?
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Kwashiorkor - protein malnourishment
Marasmus - total calorie malnourishment Pernicious anemia - B12 def Scurvy - C def Obesity - Type II diabetes mellitus |
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When do morphologic changes show up after true cell death?
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Significantly later
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What is associated with reversible injury?
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Generalized swelling of the cell and organelles; blebbing of the plasma membrane; detachment of the ribosomes from the ER; and clumping of the nuclear chromatin.
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What are the morphological changes associated with cell injury the restult of?
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decreased ATP generation
defects in protein synthesis cytoskeletal damage DNA Damage |
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What are the histological changes associated with necrosis?
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Irreversible membrane damage;
marked mitochondrial swelling; nuclear changes - Karyolysis, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis |
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What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury?
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Reduced oxidative phosphorylation
Depletion of ATP Swelling (ion concentration changes and water influx) Fatty change |
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What is karyolysis?
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basophilic fading of the chromatin
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What are the nuclear changes associated with Necrosis?
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Karyolysis - associated with endonuclease activity
pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia karyorrhexis - pyknosis fragmentation |
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What are myelin figures?
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damaged membranes that aggregate in necrotic cells
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What are the characteristic of Irreversible cellular injury?
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Extensive cell membrane damage; reduced mitrochondrial function (become vacuolated); lysosomal swelling; increase in cytosolic calcium (increases with enzyme activation); loss of protein, nuclear material, and metabolites
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What are the hallmarks of apoptosis?
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reduced (shrinking) cell size; nuclear fragmentation into nucleosome size fragments; intact plasma membrane but altered structure; intact cellular contents (but may be released with apoptotic bodies); no associated inflammation
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What are the main types of necrosis?
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Coagulative necrosis
Liquifactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis |
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What is Coagulative necrosis?
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Associated with infarcts - characterized by preserved architecture but dead cells (eosinophilic, anucleated cells)
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Liquifactive necrosis?
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Associated with fungal infections, bacterial infections (pus) and CNS hypoxic cell death (stroke)
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What is gangrenous necrosis?
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Clinical term for coagulative (and sometimes liquefactive) necrosis in multiple tissue planes
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What is caseous necrosis?
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"Cheeselike" appearance of a friable, white necrotic area surrounded by a distinct inflammatory border - granuloma
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What is fat necrosis?
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Focal areas of fat destruction typically associated with release of pancreatic lipases into the pancrease and peritoneal cavity (acute pancreatitis); fatty acids combine with calcium to produce chalky-white areas (fat saponification)
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What is fibrinoid necrosis?
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Deposition of immune complexes of antigen and antibodies and fibrin deposition in the walls of arteries producing bright fibrinoid appearance; associated with vasculitis
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