Pathology Test 3

Front 1

gen pathology and classification of muscular dystrophies

Back 1

inherited,progressive muscle degeneration.1)MD's 2)myopathies
4 subgroups of myopathies inflamation,secondary,metabolic,congenital also neurogenic

Front 2

mode of inheritance for duchennes

Back 2

x linked recessive,most common MD occurs in early childhood almost always male

Front 3

general path of inflammatory myopathies

Back 3

primary inflammation, necrosis
abnormal autoimmune response infiltrate composed of T cells and monocytes

Front 4

polymyositis

Back 4

idiopathic, occasional pain,rash,dysphagia,ptosis proximal muscle weakness biopsy shows lymphocytic infiltration of muscle

Front 5

osteoporosis MBD


osteomalacia MBD

Back 5

decrease bone density loss of mineral components

ricketts,vitamin d def. defective bone mineralization

Front 6

pagets disease of bone MBD

Back 6

excess bone reabsorption haphazard attempts at bone formation produce weak and woven bone

Front 7

hyperparathyroidism MBD

Back 7

PTH stimulates reabsorption of bone with release of calcium from bone into plasma

Front 8

events of nondisplaced fractures

cause of delays or abnormal healing

Back 8

Hematoma,perosteum,neutrophils,
external,internal callus,remodeling etc.

delays blood supply,poor nutriton bad alignment of bone,infection,steroid therapy

Front 9

pathological fracture
small trauma that causes break in abnormal bone
predisposing causes

Back 9

PreDisCause osteoporosis,osteomalacia,tumor,
Pagets

Front 10

five common carcinomas which frequently metastasize to bone

Back 10

PT barnum loves kids

prostate,breast,lungs(bronchus)
thryroid,kidneys

Front 11

compare osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma

Back 11

osteo common around knee,malig to lungs

chondro common spine pelvis

Front 12

4 major causes of inflamatory disease of joints and examples

Back 12

DACI Degenerative OA
Autoimmune RA
Crystal Deposits gout
Infective TB

Front 13

pathological changes of osteoartritis

Back 13

most common joint disease
seen in large weight bearing joints cartilage destruction,bony overgrowth,lose cushion effect

Front 14

pathologic changes of rheumatoid arth.

Back 14

multisystem disease affects fingers,wrists,knees,autoantibody
synovial inflammation and growth
destruction

Front 15

desc. extra articular manifestations of RA

Back 15

rheumatoid nodule, extensor of forearm,vasculitis,pleuropulmona
osteoporosis,spenomegaly etc.

Front 16

cerebral herniation

Back 16

when swelling pushes one side of brain into other

Front 17

fungal infections of the brain

Back 17

• Cryptococcosis • Phycomycosis • Candidiasis

Front 18

parasitic infections of the brain

Back 18

•• Trypanosomiasis • Entamoeba histolytica Toxoplasma • Malaria • Echinococcus granulosus

Front 19

Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of the following demyelinating diseases ms

Back 19

It is likely that the disease is the result of a genetic susceptibility, predisposing to mounting an inappropriate immune response to viral infections.

Front 20

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Back 20

most common form of acute neuropathy immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves, motor weakness, often leading to reparatory failure,

Front 21

etiology, pathogenesis, (ALS) (Lou Gehrig's Disease

Back 21

Motor neuron disease paralysis due to death of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brain stem and spinal cord

Front 22

etiology, pathogenesis Parkinson’s disease

Back 22

of neurons from the substantia nigra rigidity, slowness of voluntary movement loss of dopamine,

Front 23

etiology, pathogenesis Huntington’s disease

Back 23

autosomal dominant causing choreiform movements and dementia, with onset in middle life.

Front 24

Alzheimer’s disease

Back 24

most common cause of dementia (An organic mental disorder characterized by a general loss of intellectual abilities

Front 25

effects of chronic alcoholism on the nervous system.

Back 25

alcoholics show generalized cerebral cortical atrophy, which sometimes causes cognitive decline. confusion, ataxia, and abnormal eye movements with opthalmoplegia.

Front 26

Describe the main neural-tube defects of the spinal cord.
Spina Bifida Occulta

Back 26

abnormal development of bony arch of spinal column. Meninges and cord normal

Front 27

Meningocele

Back 27

abnormal development of bony arch of spinal cord, with cystic outpouching of meninges covered by skin, spinal cord may be normally or abnormally formed.

Front 28

Meningomyelocele

Back 28

abnormal development of bony arch of spinal cord, with cystic outpouching of meninges including nerve roots and incorporating abnormally developed spinal cord.

Front 29

Myelocele

Back 29

abnormal development of bony arch of spinal cord, with exposure of abnormally developed spinal cord

Front 30

Briefly describe the main features of neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2.

Back 30

autosomal dominant disease Multiple benign tumors of peripheral nerves (neurofibromas).
— Pigmented skin lesion

Front 31

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)

Back 31

Developoment of bilateral benign tumors (schwannomas) of the eighth cranial nerve known as acoustic neuromas (alternative name of bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis (BANF)).

Front 32

main types of tumors that are commonly seen in the CNS.

Back 32

• Metastases. • Meningeal. • Neuroepithelial.
• Non-neuroepithelial.

Front 33

Anemia

Back 33

reduction in the mass of circulating red cells;

Front 34

Hematocrit

Back 34

proportion of the blood that consists of packed red blood cells

Front 35

MCV-

Back 35

mean cell volume, the average volume of a red blood cell.

Front 36

MCHC-

Back 36

mean cell hemoglobin concentration, which is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood.

Front 37

Microcytic

Back 37

Any anemia in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is smaller than normal

Front 38

Macrocytic-

Back 38

abnormally large cell but, in practice, usually refers to an abnormally large red blood cell. Folic acid deficiency is one cause of macrocytic anemia. The opposite of macrocytic is microcytic

Front 39

Hypochromic-

Back 39

Containing a small amount of pigment,

Front 40

Megaloblastic-

Back 40

A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anemia.

Front 41

reduced production of RBC

Anemias

Back 41

Deficiency of hematinics
• Iron deficiency
• B12 and folate deficiency
Dyserythropoiesis (production of defective cells)
• Anemia of chronic disorders
• Myelodysplasia (Abnormal or defective formation of the bone marrow cells)
• Sideroblastic anemia (refractory anemia characterized by sideroblasts (erythroblast having granules of ferritin) in the bone marrow)
Marrow infiltration
Aplasia (failure of production of cells)
• Aplastic anemia (form of anemia in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells is defective; this anemia may be caused by bone marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as radiation, chemicals, or drugs. Also called pancytopenia)
• Red-cell aplasia

Front 42

increased destruction of RBCs

Back 42

Hemolytic anemia
• Red-cell abnormalities (membrane, enzymes, hemoglobinopathies)
• Abnormal outside red cells (immune, microagiopathic, parasitic)
Hypersplenism

Front 43

major causes and clinical manifestations of anemia

Back 43

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia
Folate deficiency and B12 deficiency

Front 44

second most common form of anemia

Back 44

Anemia of chronic diseases

Front 45

Identify hereditary spherocytosis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as examples of hemolytic anemias caused by intrinsic erythrocyte defects

Back 45

most common red-cell membrane defect causing hemolysis is hereditary spherocytosis Hemolytic anemia may also be caused by enzyme defects that render red cells susceptible to damage by oxidant stress. Glucose-6-