Pathology Test 2 Lecture 4 And 5

Front 1

__: independent growth of cells; new growth; benign or malignant; CANCER

Back 1

neoplasia

Front 2

__: increased number of cells

Back 2

hyperplasia

Front 3

__ change from one cell type to another

Back 3

metaplasia

Front 4

__: cell that looks and acts abnormal, but not cancerous yet

Back 4

dysplasia

Front 5

c
a
u
t
i
o
n

Back 5

Changes in B & B habits
A sore that does not heal in six weeks
Unusual bleeding or discharge (continues)
Thickening or lump (breast or elsewhere)
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Front 6

~30% of clients w/new dx of CA have clinically detectable __.
@least 30-40% of these remaining clients who are clinically free of _ harbor _.

Unfortunately, most clients have multiple sites, not all present @ any one time.

Back 6

metastases
metastases
occult metastases

Front 7

Remember that the term __ means spreading.
__ means hidden.

Back 7

metastasis
Occult

Front 8

Forensic Pathologists are able to tell where the primary tumor came from, from the cellular structure of the __.

Back 8

primary growth

Front 9

integumentary system zapped by UV light -> cell releases __ -> alters cell, disrupts cell and basement membrane -> this altered cell (__) enters circulatory system through blood vessel -> may enter __ system

Back 9

collagenase
neoplasm
lymph

Front 10

neoplasm may be__ or ; __ grow independent of tissue but don’t metastasize (may still kill you though as it keeps growing, depends where it is); __spread to multiple distant sites

Back 10

benign
malignant
x's 2

Front 11

__tumor that has not yet broken through the basement membrane.
It is a tumor that is sitting there waiting!! stays contained and does NOT pass through the basement membrane

Back 11

in situ

Front 12

_- neoplasm grows within connective tissue or capsule; usually benign. most malignant neoplasms grow without connective tissue _

Back 12

encapsulation
capsule

Front 13

_-process of being in one tissue and invading another tissue; malignant’s invade adjacent tissues

Back 13

invasion

Front 14

_-well-__ cells look like original cells; poorly __ neoplasms don’t look like original cell

Back 14

differentiation
diff’d
differentiated

Front 15

_-differences within cell type; vary in shape and size. Litte to no __ neoplasms have cells that look similar to one another. Highly __ neoplasms have cells that vary in shape and size

Back 15

anaplasia
anaplastic
anaplastic

Front 16

_ : no metastasis, encapsulated, non-invasive, slow-growing, well differentiated, little or no anaplasia. Can be deadly depending on where it is.

Back 16

benign

Front 17

_ metastasis, non-encapsulated, invasive, rapid growth, poorly differentiated, anaplasia to varying degrees

Back 17

malignant

Front 18

neoplasms end with suffix _ and are named byt tissue of _ (5 major classifications =

Back 18

oma
origin
1. epithelial
2. connective & muscle
3. nerve
4. lymphoid
5. hematopoietic (from the blood)

Front 19

Risks for cancer: __ (ex: colon cancer prevalent in urban, skin cancer prevalent among farmers), _ (over 70 yo), _ (bad diet blunts immune system), _, _
-_ -30% cancer deaths with lung cancer; leading cancer cause of death
-_- increased cancer rates of mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, breast, colon cancers

Back 19

geographic
age
nutrition
culture
genetics
tobacco use
alcohol

Front 20

stage _ carcinoma in situ

Back 20

0

Front 21

stage _ early stage, local cancer

Back 21

1

Front 22

stage _ increased risk of spread because of tumor size

Back 22

2

Front 23

stage _: local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions

Back 23

3

Front 24

stage _cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

Back 24

4

Front 25

Cancer characteristics:_- some types are more then others, _- ill state or ill condition (wasting)

Back 25

pain
cachexia

Front 26

2 components of blood:
_
_ (_ _ _)
Delivery of these elements throughout body tissues are necessary for: _ _ _

Back 26

Plasma
Formed elements
(RBC
WBC
Platelets (thrombocytes))
Cellular metabolism
Defense against injury & bugs
Acid-base balance

Front 27

RBC & WBC’s formation usually take place in the _ & are controlled by hormones (specifically erythropoietin) & feedback mechanisms that maintain an ideal number of cells.

Back 27

red bone marrow

Front 28

The hematologic system is integrated with the _ and _ systems

Back 28

lymphatic & immune

Front 29

s ans s of __ disorders:

Edema
Congestion
Infarction
Thrombosis
Embolism
Lymphedema
Bleeding & brusing
Hypotension
Shock

Back 29

hematologic

Front 30

_ Accumulation of excessive fluid within the interstitial tissues or w/in body cavities.

Back 30

edema

Front 31

_ is the accumulation of excessive blood w/in the blood vessels of an organ or tissue.

Back 31

congestion

Front 32

_ A localized region of necrosis caused by reduction of arterial perfusion below a level required for cell viability. Effects the myocardium of the left ventricle, the wall becomes too large.

Back 32

infarction

Front 33

_ - is a solid mass of clotted blood w/in an intact blood vessel or chamber of the heart.

Back 33

thrombus

Front 34

_ - is a mass of solid, liquid, or gas that moves w/in a blood vessel to lodge @ a site distant from its origin. Most are thromboemboli.

Back 34

embolus

Front 35

_ Chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid, occurs in hematolymphatic disorders secondary to obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.

Back 35

lymphedema

Front 36

_ and _ (_) -Can occur from trauma of various types and are normal consequences of injury. However, when _ and _ occurs w/minor trauma or _ continues longer than normal.

Back 36

Bleeding and bruising (ecchymosis)
bleeding & bruising
bleeding

Front 37

_ is a hemorrhagic condition that occurs when not enough platelets are available to plug damaged vessels or prevent leakage from even minor injury to normal capillaries. Characterized by the movement of blood into surrounding tissue under the skin. _ or small red patches appear.

Back 37

pupura
Petechiae

Front 38

_ -Occurs when circulatory system is unable to maintain adequate pressure to perfuse the organs. Clinical signs: (Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Cool extremities, Decreased pulses, Decreased urine output, Altered mental status, Hypotension typically present but may be initially absent. End result is hypoxia to kidneys, brain & heart

Back 38

Shock

Front 39

_ -Disorders that cause a decrease in arterial pressure include: Sepsis, Liver failure, Severe pancreatitis, Anaphylaxis, Thyrotoxicosis

Back 39

Shock

Front 40

3 most common classes of shock are _ _ and _

Back 40

cardiogenic, hypovolemic, & causes related to reduced systemic vascular resistance.

Front 41

_ Red bone marrow derived. Control is by erthyropoietin. ½ life is 120 days. After this it goes to the spleen. Fx—carry hemoglobin to transport 02, C02 & buffers pH by attaching to H+ ions

Back 41

RBC

Front 42

Possible contradictions for exercise: should be evaluated on an individual bases
-__:
Reference ranges:
◦Male 14-16 gm/dL
Female 12-14 gm/dL
Reduced exercise capacity occurs @10
Markedly reduced exercise @ 8-10
Don’t perform activity <8
-__
Reference range:
Male 42-52%
Female 35-47%
Reduced exercise capacity occurs @ 30
Markedly reduced exercise 24-30
Don’t perform activity <24

Back 42

Hemoglobin # of RBC's
Hematocrit % of RBC's in blood:

Front 43

__- Autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption by the small intestine. Prevalence is equal among sexes, but men experience symptoms 5-10 x more often then women. Early S&S: weakness, chronic fatigue, myalgias, joint pain, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, elevated Hemoglobin, & elevated liver enzymes.

Back 43

Hemochromatosis

Front 44

_ decrease in 02 carrying capacity of blood from a change in the quality or quantity of RBC’s.
A symptom, NOT a disease.

Back 44

anemia

Front 45

__ Causes:
Diet (B12)
Acute or chronic blood loss (usually bc they just had surgery)
Congential defects of RBC (sickle cell anemia)
Exposure to industrial poisons
Bone marrow dz
Chronic inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic dz

Back 45

anemia

Front 46

classification of __:
-acute or chronic loss
-destruction RBC's
-Decreased RBC's due to nutrition
-molecular defects in protein

Back 46

anemia