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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Insulinoma-
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producing hypoglycemia
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Gastrinoma
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producing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, peptic ulcers that extend throughout the duodenum and the jejunum.
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Simmond’s disease-
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panhypopituitarism
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Sheehan’s syndrome-
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panhypopituitarism caused by post-partum pituitary necrosis
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Hyperprolactinemia –
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most common endocrinopathy caused by adenoma.
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Gigantism-
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increased growth hormone before epiphyses have fused
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Acromegaly –
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increased growth hormone after the epiphyses have fused
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Cushing’s disease –
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also known as pituitary Cushing’s syndrome, adenoma of the anterior pituitary producing ACTH
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Diabetes insipidus –
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decreased ADH. Caused polyuria and polydipsia
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nappropriate ADH secretion – can cause hypertension
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can cause hypertension
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Goiter –
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enlarged thyroid gland
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Hyperthyroidism –
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know signs and symptoms
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Hypothyroidism –
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myxedema in adults and cretinism in childhood
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis –
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autoimmune disease caused by Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, produces hypothroidism
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Grave’s disease –
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autoimmune disease, type II hypersensitivity reaction. Defined clinically by the triad of hyperthyroidism, goiter and exopthalmos
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Subacute thyroiditis –
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caused by a virus infection of the gland, transient hyperthyroidism but no sequelae
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Riedel’s thyroiditis –
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idiopathic disease where the thyroid is destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue, produces a hard, woody thyroid and can destroy structures around the thyroid such as the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Also affects the mediasitnum and the retroperitoneum
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Primary hyperparathyroidism-
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usually caused by an adenoma. Remember bones, stones, groans and moans for manifestations. In most severe form is osteitis fibrosa cystica and can produce “brown tumors”.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism – secondary to low blood calcium, most often caused by chronic renal failure. |
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Hypoparathyroidism-
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produced hypocalcemia. Congenital form is associated with diGeorge’s syndrome AKA thymic hypoplasia. Acquired may be idiopathic or iatrogenic
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Pseudohypoparathyroidism –
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high levels of PTH but hypocalemia because of a defective receptor
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Adrenogenital syndrome –
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excess androgens. Congenital due to glucocorticoid deficiency in utero and infants, produces “infant hercules” in males and ambiguous genitalia in females. In adult females there is virilization of the female
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Conn’s syndrome-
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excess aldostrone
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Cushing’s syndrome-
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increased glucocorticoids. Causes pituitary cushings, ectopic production of ACTH from bronchogenic carcinoma and exogenous glucocorticoids, primary cushings due to an adenoma of the adrenal cortex
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Addison’s disease –
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chronic hypoadrenalism, due to tuberculosis (previously) or idiopathic (today) remember that increased MSH produces a tanned appearance.
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Pheochromocytoma –
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benign tumor of the adrenal medulla producing epinephrine and norepinephrine so producing hypertension which is either paroxysmal or sustained.
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Neuroblastoma-
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embryonic tumor that is diagnosed in early childhood
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Osteogenesis imperfecta –
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Brittle Bone Disease (OI for short)
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Osteopetrosis –
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aka Marble Bone Disease. Can’t reabsorb bone (problem with osteoclasts) but can lay bone down so bone gets really dense
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Achondroplasia –
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associated with autism
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Cleidocranial dysplasia –
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Clavicles missing b/c abnormal membranous bone formation and cartilage formation
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Marfan’s syndrome –
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very long fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), aneurysms and incompetent valves, and dislocation of lens out of suspensory ligament.
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osteoporosis –
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Progressive reduction in bone mass in relation to volume = less dense.
- Primary: usually seen in elderly. Most common due to age. Hormone (postmenopausal women), genetic = less common in black pop. than white pop. Diet deficiency and lack of activity. - Secondary: disuse, catabolic hormones (glucocorticoids), neoplasia, GI, drugs |
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Marfan’s syndrome –
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very long fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), aneurysms and incompetent valves, and dislocation of lens out of suspensory ligament.
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osteoporosis –
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Progressive reduction in bone mass in relation to volume = less dense.
- Primary: usually seen in elderly. Most common due to age. Hormone (postmenopausal women), genetic = less common in black pop. than white pop. Diet deficiency and lack of activity. - Secondary: disuse, catabolic hormones (glucocorticoids), neoplasia, GI, drugs |
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rickets (children)
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softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, phosphorus or calcium, predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, lack of calcium may also lead to rickets
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osteomalacia (adults)
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Adult rickets
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osteitis fibrosa cystic
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primary hyperthyroidism
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Paget’s diseases
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AKA Osteitis Deformans
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Fibrous dysplasia
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a disease that causes bone thinning and growths or lesions in one or more bones, and leads to bone weakness and scar formation within the bones.
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Albright’s Syndrome
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a genetic disorder of bones, skin pigmentation and hormonal problems along with premature puberty.
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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
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is a form of fibrous dysplasia affecting more than one bone.[2]
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about acute suppurative osteomyelitis,
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sequestrum (necrotic bone in center of lesion), involucrum (new bone under periosteum), Brodie’s abscess (chronic situation keep producing pus). Also know how it would present, the organisms (Staph aureus most common; Sickle cell anemia assoc with salmonella) most typically involved and the potential complications.
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Osteoid osteoma –
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produces severe pain! Relieved by aspirin. Pain can be brought on by drinking alcohol. Something about size of tumor
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Osteochondroma -
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Osteocartilaginous Exostosis. Outgrowth of epiphyseal plate of long bones. Most common benign bone tumor
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Chondromas-
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Isolated endochondroma: 30-50 yoa Intraossuous tumor composed of cartilage (well differentiated). Primarily in metacarpals / phalanges of hand, also feet, ribs. Most are asymptomatic, small slow growth. Tx: none if asymptomatic. resection with symptoms
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Ollier’s disease
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Multiple enchondromas (familial transmission) and these enchondromas exhibit a tendency to become malignant
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Mafucci’s syndrome
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1.multiple chondromas
2. Cavernous hemangiomas of skin 3. malignant potential 50% |
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Chondroblastoma -
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90% between ages 5-25 M:F 2:1.
upper femur, tibia, humerous. Slow growing tumor composed of small immature chondrocytes, each with single large nucleus. tumor has sharply defined borders. Cart. matrix appears primitive and variably calcified. Clinical symptoms involve joints due to its para-articular location. expands thru stimulating osetoclast resorption. Tx. Curettage, 10% recurance |
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Giant cell tumor
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20-40 yoa. locally aggressive, potentially malignant and 50% recur locally. Characterized by multinucleated giant cell. two types of cells: multinucleated (>100 nuclei/cell) and mononucleated
Mononucleated= stromal cells. gross: clearly circumscribed without bone or calification. clinical: pain, swelling, path fracture Tx: curettage and bone grafting. 50% recurrence rate, 10% metastasize |
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Osteogenic sarcoma-
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aggressive neoplasm from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin / exhibit osteoblastic differentiation and produce malignant osteoid. It is the most common histological form of primary bone cancer
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Ewing’s saroma
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Long bones, pelvis, jaw. Uncommon. small, uniform round cells of uncertain etiology. 4-5% bone tumors in children/adolescents. M:F 2:1
onion skin layering. Microscopically: sheets of closely packed, small round cells. Diagnostic feature is presence of substantial amount of glycogen in cytoplasm Clinically: Initially pain, swelling, fever leukocytosis |
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Chondrosarcoma
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Malignancy of chondroblasts (40-60) long bone, pelvis, ribs vertebrae. From 30-60 yoa most common 1ary bone tumor, and is 2nd most common 1ary tumor overall. 2 variants classified via location: 25% central- from medullary cavity of pelvic bones, ribs, long bones
75% peripheral- arises outside bone (de novo). occurs after 20yo, never before puberty 5 yr survival: grade 1 80%, II 50%, III20%. meta to lungs via hematogenous route. |
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Multiple myeloma
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Not a malignancy of bone tissue. Malignancy of plasma cells in bone marrow but not actually bone tissue.
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2ndary neoplasms (metastatic disease)
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Most common tumor found in bone
Osteolytic – thyroid, GI tract, kidney and neuroblastoma Osteosclerotic – prostate, breast, lung and stomach |
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Osteoarthrosis –
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In fingers = Hebedins nodes
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Gouty arthritis –
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big toes
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Suppurative arthritis –
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Staph aureus or N. gonorrhea (disseminated gonococcus)
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Lyme’s disease –
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vector = tick. Spirochete. Primary stage = legion around bite. 2ndary = spirochetes seeded into organs = fever, enlarged lymph nodes. Tertiary
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Rheumatoid arthritis –
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MCP joints mostly but also proximal phalangeal
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Still’s disease –
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Juvenile RA
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Felty’s syndrome –
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Longstanding RA and then Splenomegaly b/c speen hypertrophies as destroys everything that goes through it.
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Reiter’s disease –
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Uveitis (inflammation of pigmented area of eye). Urethritis. Most common in males especially after food poisioning.
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Myasthenia Gravis –
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Type II Hypersensitivity
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Scoliosis-
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most common is a structural scoliosis, particularly the idiopathic form found in adolescent girls.
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Legg-Calve-Perthes disease-
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an osteonecrotic disease of the proximal femoral epiphysis, most common in white males
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Osgood Schlatter Disease-
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microfracture of the tibial tuberosity- most commonly seen in boys between 11-15 and girls between 8-13.
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Myasthenia Gravis –
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Type II Hypersensitivity
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Scoliosis-
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most common is a structural scoliosis, particularly the idiopathic form found in adolescent girls.
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Legg-Calve-Perthes disease-
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an osteonecrotic disease of the proximal femoral epiphysis, most common in white males
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Osgood Schlatter Disease-
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microfracture of the tibial tuberosity- most commonly seen in boys between 11-15 and girls between 8-13.
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Slipped femoral epiphysis-
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common cause of hip and knee children aged 10–17. m/c hip disorder in adolescence. It is the displacement of the upper femoral epiphysis. Slippage epiphysis between the head and neck of the bone. femoral epiphysis remains in the acetabulum (hip socket), metaphysis (end of the femur) move in an anterior direction with external rotation.
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Lambert-Eaton
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myasthenic syndrome (associated underlying malignancy) "Broncogenic carcinoma"
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Inflammatory myopathies
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Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
polymyositis and dermomyositis Infections parasitic disease - toxoplasmosis, trichinosis Virus- influenza, coxsakie, bornholms disease of the chest wall Bacteria- typhoid |
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Duchenne's
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Primary muscle disease. inherited as X-linked recessive. Absence of a gene on short arm of x chromosom at xp21 site. Absence of dystrophin Clinical: Normal at birth. manafest in early childhood (3-7). Progress rapidly. Death usually by age 20. Muscle weakness is symmetric and 1st affects pelvic girdle muscles. pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles.
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Beckers
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Like Duchenne but milder and presents symtoms later.
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limb girdle
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rare, has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Moderate degree of severity with onset that is variable and usually affects the pelvis and the shoulder.
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Myotonic dystrophy
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common, autosomal dominant, variable severity w/adult onset/ slow progression.Affects face, tongue, and extremities with muscles that have problems in producing relaxations after they have contracted. males also show an early onset of male pattern balding and testicular atrophy. There may also be a development of cataracts, abnormal insulin metabolism, and cardiac arrhythmias. some have mental retardation.
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Rhabdomyoma
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uncommon benign tumorof striated muscle tissue.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of striated muscle that is predominantly a tumor of infancy, childhood and adolescence with the peak incidence in the 1st decade of life. Embryonal rhabodomyosarcoma arises most frequently in the head and neck genitourinary area and retroperioneum
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Leiomyoma
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Benign tumor of smooth muscle that is commonly found in the uterus where it is called a fibroid
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