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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rubor |
Redness |
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Calor |
HeatDolorA. PainTumorB. Swelling |
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Dolor |
Pain |
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Tumor |
Swelling |
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A disease process caused by the physician or their treatment is this type of process: |
Iatrogenic |
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A disease process contracted in the healthcare facility is considered |
Nosocomial |
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A gene always producing an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous is named a(n) _____ gene |
Dominent |
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A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by vascular occlusion is a(n): |
Infarct |
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A malignancy of glandular tissue, such as breast or liver, is referred to as a(n): |
Adenocarcinoma |
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A medical term meaning "air" is |
pneumo- |
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A subcutaneous hematoma greater than 1 to 2 cm is called a(n): |
Ecchymosis |
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An accumulation of blood trapped within the body tissues is known as a(n): |
Hematoma |
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When tumor cells flourish causing the patient to become weak and emaciated, this condition is referred to as: |
Cachexia |
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Viral infections or reactions to drugs and toxins are the most common causes of: |
Hepatitis |
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The major metastatic route of carcinoma is: |
Lymphatic spread |
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Diffuse spread of malignant neoplasms by invasion into a natural body cavity is: |
Seeding |
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In PET scanning, the radiopharmaceutical produces |
a positron |
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Connective tissue fibers replacing dead tissue, then contracting in the abdomen is known as: |
fibrous adhesions |
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The modality of choice to image the central nervous system is: |
MRI |
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The midpoint of center of number of densities being viewed in a selected window on CT is the: |
Window level |
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The attenuation of a special tissue relative to water is the: |
CT number |
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The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue is |
edema |
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New growths that invade and destroy adjacent structures and have the ability to spread are considered: |
malignant |
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Adenocarcinoma |
Glandular cell malignancy |
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Adenoma |
Tumor that grows in a glandlike pattern |
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Angioma |
Composed of blood vessels |
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Carcinoma |
Malignancy of epithelia cell origin |
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Chondroma |
Cartilaginous tumor that is benign |
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Cystadenoma |
Forming benign large cystic masses |
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Fibroma |
Benign tumor consisting of fibrous tissue |
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Lipoma |
Soft, fatty tissue tumor |
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Sarcoma |
A malignant tumor arising from connective tissue |
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Atrophy |
Reduction in number or size of cells |
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Dysplasia |
Loss of uniformity of individual cells |
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Hyperplasia |
Number of cells in tissue increases |
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Hypertrophy |
Increased size of cells |
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Hypoplasia |
Failure of normal development causing smaller cells |
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Window width in CT controls: |
gray scale |
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What atom's energy is manipulated to produce MRI images? |
Radiofrequency pulse (RF) hydrogen |
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To best demonstrate a physiologic map, the modality of choice is: |
nuclear medicine |
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The modality that best demonstrates treatment results and is the most effective to illustrate recurring tumor growth |
PET |
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The process by which white cells surround and digest infectious organisms is called _______________ |
phagocytosis |
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A tumor like scar is referred to as a/an |
keloid |
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The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the spaces between cells or in body cavities is termed __________________. |
edema |
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Routine X-ray is best for... |
Bestfor bone detail and fractures Showsstructure rather than function |
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T or F: Ultrasound uses ionizing radiation |
FALSE |
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T or F: Ultrasound provides cross sectional imaging |
TRUE |
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An ultrasound transducer: |
emitssound waves and receives echo |
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Ultrasound is able to differentiate: |
between solid and cystic structures |
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In Ultrasound, fluid _____ and solid matter _____. |
-transmits sound -returns echoes |
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T or F: Ultrasound is extremely dependent on user skill |
TRUE |
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Anechoic |
no echo, good through transmission of sound -Appear dark on image |
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Hyperechoic/ echogenic |
Strong echo back -Denotes dense structure unable to transmit sound -Appears light or white -Bone, Calculus, Needle |
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Hypoechoic |
Weak echo -Tissues of different density will gives echoes of differing shades of gray |
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Isoechoic |
Structures that give same echo return despite differences in tissue -Tissue of similar water density despite different function and structure |
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Real time Imaging |
gives immediate images from sound waves |
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Doppler |
measurements of blood flow -Graphic representation -May also use a sound representation to verify placement of blood vessel |
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Color Flow |
shows direction and velocity of blood flow showspatency of vessels, clots, stenosis |
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T or F: ComputerizedTomography provides cross-sectional images that can be presented in multipleprojections |
TRUE |
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T or F: CT usesionizing radiationand imagescan be reconstructed in various ways |
TRUE |
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T or F: CT can show as little as 1% difference intissue density |
TRUE |
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Windowwidth |
gray scale contrast span |
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WindowLevel |
density at midpoint of density viewed in window |
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T or F: MRI uses ionizing radiation |
FALSE |
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MRI is recommended imaging technique for _____, is goodfor __________, but imagingcontraindicatedfor _________. |
nervous system soft tissue, vascular and muscular patient with ferrous metal |
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MRI uses: |
magnetic field and Radiofrequency pulses for imaging |
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TE= |
echo time |
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TR= |
repetition time |
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SE= |
spin echo |
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FSE= |
fast spin echo |
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In MRI, fieldstrength is important to: |
image quality and speed |
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In Nuclear Medicine, the patientis administered: |
RadioactiveMaterial (Radiopharmaceutical) |
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In Nuclear Medicine, the GammaCamera detects emissions of: |
Gamma rays from radioactive material |
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Nuclear Medicine shows: |
function and uptake of medication rather than shadow of structure |
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In Nuclear Medicine, a "Hot Spot" refers to: |
Increasedactivity of organ or increased blood flow -can be due to tumor, infection, healing process, abscess or otherinflammatory process |
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In Nuclear Medicine, a "Cold Spot" refers to: |
Nonfunctioning area of organ or area of decreased blood flow |
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PET |
Positron Emission Tomography |
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In PET, the patient is given: |
a high energy nuclide tracer |
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PET shows: |
metabolism of area of interest |
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In PET, _____ is the most common tracer used |
FDG or fluorodeoxyglucose |
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In PET, tumors have higher metabolic uptake of: |
glucose |
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Signs |
measurableor objective manifestations of disease -Fever -Pulserate -Labresults |
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Symptoms |
Patient’ssubjective manifestations -Nausea -Dizziness |
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Iatrogenic |
of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment |
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Nosocomial |
disease originating in a hospital |
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Community Acquired |
infection contracted outside of a health care setting or an infection present on admission |
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Idiopathic |
relating to or denoting any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown. |
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Inflammation |
Initialbody response to local injury -caused by trauma, infection or chemical irritation -earliestresponse is dilation of arterioles, capillaries resulting in increasedblood flow around site -producesheat and redness |
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Fiveclinical signs of acute inflammation |
Rubor (redness) Calor (heat) Tumor (swelling) Dolor (pain) Loss of function |
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SystemicManifestations |
Spread of organisms into the bloodstream that causes fever |
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Abscess |
localized pus collection |
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Bacteremia |
involves other organs and tissues |
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Granulomatous Tissue |
Localizedarea of chronic inflammation causesformation of scar tissue -lungs due to healed tuberculosis -abdomen may cause adhesions |
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Edema |
Accumulations ofabnormal amounts of fluid in tissue spaces or body cavities -may be localizedresulting from inflammatory reaction -may be due toblocked drainage of lymphatic system |
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T or F: Radiographically, large amounts of fluid will require an increase in technique |
TRUE |
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Ischemia |
Interference with blood flow to an organ -Deprives area of oxygen needed to sustain tissue life -Blockage may be partial, allowing for development of collateral vessels -Full acute ischemia for any length of time will result in tissue death |
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Infarct |
localized area of tissue necrosis (death and rot) due to blockage of blood supply -Often occurs after surgery or injury |
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T or F: Ischemiamay be caused by blockage or narrowing of blood vessels |
TRUE |
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Volvulus |
twisting of an organ (torsion) |
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Strangulatedhernias |
body organs and blood vessels trapped within hernia |
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Hemorrhage |
Bleedingfrom a rupture of a large vein or artery |
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Hematoma |
trappedblood from a bleeding vessel |
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3 Classes of Hematomas |
-Petechiae: Small -Purpura: medium -Ecchymosis: large > 2cm |
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Atrophy |
reduction in size, usually due to dis-use |
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Atrophy requires _____ in technique due to loss of muscle mass |
reduction |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in size of cells due to increased demand for function -Occurs most often in cells that cannot multiply (cardiac, renal) |
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Hyperplasia |
increase in number of cells |
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Dysplasia |
loss of architectural uniformity due to irritation or inflammation |
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Neoplasia |
Abnormalnew growth (tumors) not limited by normal growth limitations |
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Cachetic |
physical wasting, loss of muscle mass |
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Benign Neoplasms |
-Remainlocalized -Resemblecells of origin -Usually removable -Not“cancer” -Maycause severe effects due to pressure or other structures or over-production ofhormones -Adenomas,lipomas |
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Malignant Neoplasm |
Mayinvade and destroy other tissues -Poorlydifferentiated cells -Carcinomas, Adenocarcinomas, Anaplastic, Sarcomas |
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Carcinomas |
of epithelial cell origin |
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Adenocarcinomas |
originate in glandular tissue |
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Anaplastic |
has no form and is undifferentiated |
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Sarcomas |
connective tissue and bone, highly malignant |
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Metastasis |
Spread of malignant disease |
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Seedingwithin body cavities |
cancer spreads and “eats” it’s way to another site |
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What is the major way of spread for Metastasis? |
Lymphatic System |
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Hematogenous spread |
invade and penetrate blood vessels to spread to other organs |
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Bone scan is done for what kind of cancer? |
metastatic |
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PET/CT Scan is done for what kind of cancer? |
Primary and Metastatic - done to show response to therapy |
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CT Scan is done for what kind of cancer? |
Primary and Metastatic - done to show response to therapy |
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Bone survey is done for what kind of cancer? |
Metastatic |
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Mammography is done for what kind of cancer? |
Screening and primary diagnostics |
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Grade |
assesses degree of malignancy -Allowsprediction of growth and response to therapy (howbad/how aggressive) |
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Staging |
sizeof tumor at initial site (how big- How long has it been there) -Metastaticstatus -Determinesappropriate therapy |
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Homozygous |
inherit same gene from both parents fragment |
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Heterozygous |
different gene from each parent |
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60% of AIDS patients develop: |
pneumocystitiscarinii |
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Many AIDS patients will experience _____ to the skin and _____ to the small bowel. |
Kaposi’sSarcoma metastasis |
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Hepatitis |
Most prevalent inflammatory disease ofliver May be reaction to drugs or toxins May be viral |
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Hepatitis A |
infectious |
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Hepatitis B |
Contaminatedblood products or sexual contact |
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Hepatitis C |
commoncause chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and carcinoma 40%unknown source Bloodtransfusion or sexual contact |
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Hepatitis E |
contaminated food or water |
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Major Role of Respiratory System |
Oxygenationof blood and removal of carbon dioxide -Airexchange in alveoli |
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Upper Respiratory System |
-Nasopharynx -Oropharynx -Larynx |
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Lower Respiratory System |
-Trachea -Bronchi -Bronchioles |
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Carina |
trachea ends and branches to bronchi |
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A- Nose B- Pharynx C- Larynx D- Trachea E- Lung F- Diaphragm G- Adenoids H- Tonsils I- Epiglottis J- Bronchial Tubes K- Pleura L- Pleural Space M- Bronchial N- Air Sacs |
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45% of all Radiology procedures are: |
Chest X-rays |
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RecentFDA survey shows that 40% ofall chest films submitted for review were: |
inadequate and did not meet clinical requirements |
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What is wrong with this image? |
Underexposed Underpenetrated |
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What is wrong with this image? |
-Overexposed -overpenetrated |
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Endotracheal tube |
-Chest x-ray often done to check placement -Placement in relationship to carina important: 5-7 cm above carina -Placed too low will be in main bronchus and cause blockage of lateral bronchus of lungs -Technique must show tip of E-T tube |
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CVPLines |
Lines placed in subclavian or peripheral vein -May measure central venous pressure -High volume intravenous fluid administration -Chest x-ray to verify placement in the superior vena cava -If advanced to rt atrium may cause cardiac arrythmia or perforation -Chest should be done upright to rule out pneumothorax |
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Peripherallyinsertedcentralcatheter (PICC) |
Used for long term administration of IV fluids, chemotherapy or other long term venous access -Chest x-ray taken to confirm line placement -Must be able to visualize line and tip -Upright to rule out pneumothorax |
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Swanz-Ganz Catheters |
Dualline catheter with arterial balloon- balloon guides (floats) catheter intoplace -Idealplacement within right or left pulmonary artery -Measurescardiac output and CVP -Hasradiopaque line on catheter for improved visualization |
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Transvenous Pacemakers |
Pacemakerlines inserted into the heart using fluoroscopic guidance -Tipin apex of right ventricle -APand Lateral post insertion images needed to confirm placement -Tipmust be visualized -Maybe pacemaker/ defibrillator combination -Mayhave single or multiple leads -Leadscan break or become dislodged -Visualizedon standard PA and lateral chest x-ray with adequate penetration |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
caused by defective gene -excessivesecretion of viscous mucous by all exocrine glands (sweat, tear) -effects pancreas and digestive system -90%of morbidity and mortality from this disease is related to respiratoryinvolvement -Trachealmucous membranes secrete thick mucous that blocks bronchial air passages -Causes focal lung collapse -Recurrent lung infections due to retainedforeign matter |
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Bronchiectasis |
Chronic dilatation of bronchi andbronchioles -often seen due to chronic nature ofdisease -digestive involvement impairs fatdigestion -childrenusually underweight -foulsmelling feces -SBOcommon in neonates -excessive perspiration causes increasedchance of heat related illness |
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Radiographic Appearance of Cystic Fibrosis |
-Generalizedirregular thickening of linear lung markings -Hyperinflationcauses appearance of chronic lung disease -Chronicnature of disease causes progression of lung disease appearance |
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Hyaline Membrane Disease |
-Idiopathicrespiratory distress syndrome -Occursin premature infants -Dueto immature lungs -Finegranular appearance of pulmonary parenchyma |
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Croup |
smallchildren -Viralinfection -Swellingof upper trachea -APneck shows narrowing of airway due to edema -“barking”cough |
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Epiglottitis |
most common in children -Thickeningof epiglottis and pharynx -Seenon soft tissue lateral neck shows rounded thickening of epiglottis |
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The body's initial response to local injury is: |
inflammation |
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The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue is: |
edema |
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Signs are: |
characteristics that can be observed or measured |
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The term used to describe the unknown cause of a diseases process is: |
idiopathic |
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The interference of blood supply depriving organ cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients is known as: |
ischemia |
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As a result of this process, a localized area of necrosis occurs within tissue or an organ, which is called: |
infarction |
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What results in the accumulation of blood trapped within body tissue? |
hematoma |
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An abnormal proliferation of cells outside the normal cell growth is known as: |
neoplasia |
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If the genetic information contained in the nucleus of a cell causes abnormalities, it is considered: |
a hereditary disease |
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Immunity can be attained by a. artificial means b. natural exposure c. vaccination d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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A disease process contracted in the healthcare facility is considered: |
nosocomial |
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Dysplasia is: |
a loss of uniformity of individual cells |
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There are 4 overlapping responses (blood flow, migration of white cells, digestion of dead cells and tissue, and repair) that cause: |
inflammation |
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Extravascular fluid in the lungs is known as: |
pulmonary edema |
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An infarct can be caused by a thrombotic occlusion or a(n): |
embolism |
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Hemorrhage implies that a(n) __________ has occurred. |
rupture of a blood vessel |
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In response to physiologic stimuli, cells may change in a. number b. size c. differentiation d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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Failure of cell development causes |
hypoplasia |
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Neoplasms that invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites are: |
malignant tumors |
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Determining the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site and the presence or absence of metastasis refers to: |
staging |
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Hereditary disorders that may not affect parents and occur only when a person is homozygous for the defective gene are: |
autosomal recessive disorders |
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A type of artificial immunity that exposes a person to dead or deactivated bacteria or viruses is: |
active immunity |
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PPE Involves: a. using the correct personal protective equipment b. minimizing exposure to healthcare workers c. following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Standard Precautions d. utilizing all the information provided in answers a to c |
d. utilizing all the information provided in answers a to c |
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Transmission-based diseases can be transmitted by a. contact b. droplet c. vector d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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HIV is the main cause of: |
AIDS |
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Inspiration |
breathing that supplies oxygen-rich air to the alveoli |
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Acinus |
cluster of alveoli |
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Bronchial Circulation |
provides lung tissue with oxygen and nourishment |
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Cilia |
prevents dust and foreign particles from reaching the lungs |
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Expiration |
respiratory muscles relaxing cause the lungs to expel air |
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Inspiration |
breathing that supplies oxygen-rich air to the alveoli |
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Internal Respiration |
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange caused as a result of cellular metabolism |
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Lower Respiratory System |
oxygenates blood and removes body waste such as carbon doxide |
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Medulla |
carbon dioxide regulates the respiration center in the brain |
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Parenchyma |
extremely thin-walled sacs surrounded by blood capillaries |
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Parietal Pleura |
membrane attached to the inner chest wall (thoracic cavity) |
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Pleural Effusion |
fluid in the pleural space |
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Thickened infected liquid or pus in the pleural space describes |
empyema |
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Pneumothorax radiographically appears as |
an area without pulmonary markings |
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The condition in which the lung collapses, causing reduced lung volume, is described as |
atelectasis |
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Croup is |
a viral infection of the subglottis |
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Which of the following chest pathologies requires an increase in technical factors from those used for a "normal" chest radiograph?
a. atelectasis b. pulmonary edema c. pneumonia d. pneumothorax |
b. pulmonary edema |
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Which of the following chest pathologies requires a decrease in technical factors from a "normal" chest radiograph? a. atelectasis b. pleural effusion c. pneumonia d. pneumothorax |
d. pneumothorax |
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If an upright image cannot be obtained, what other position or view would demonstrate pleural effusion?
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lateral decubitus |
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Pneumonia appears radiographically as: |
on opacification |
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Granulomas represent |
scarred lung tissue due to infection |
