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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anencephaly
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absence of brain
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atelactasis
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collapsed lung
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atresia
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absence of an opening (esophagus, duodenum)
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bronchiectasis
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dilation of a portion of the bronchial tree following necrotizing infection
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caput succedaneum
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scalp edema where the head was pressed against the cervix (not serious)
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cephalhematoma
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hemmorhage into the scalp (not serious)
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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RBCs attacked by maternal antibodies
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hypospadius/epispadius
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malformation of penis
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intracerebral hemorrhage
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from dura or brain (most serious)
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kernicterus
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brain damage from neonatal jaundice
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meconium ileus
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obstruction of terminal ileum by meconium - symptom of cystic fibrosis
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spina bifida
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neural tube defect; 3% of population has it, mostly hidden
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post-term
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more that 42 weeks
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pre-term
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before 38 weeks
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cleft lip - what weeks of development
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weeks 6-9 teratogens
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what is the "trilogy of pathology"
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idea that anomalies in neonates come in threes - multiple congenital anomalies
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pyloric stenosis
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more common in boys; projectile vomiting in 3-6 week old infants; 3/1000 live births
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meningocele
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neural tube defect with lack of skin covering (meninges protrude); elevated MSAFP (maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein) - can test B4 birth
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embryo
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unborn child/product of conception - first 8 weeks after conception
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fetus
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unborn child/product of conception between 8 weeks gestation and moment of live birth (until actually breathing)
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neonate
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a child in first 4 weeds after birth
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infant
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child in first year after birth
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infant mortality
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for a population, how many deaths per 1000 live births before first birthday
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small for gestational age
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below 10th percentile for birth weight
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large for gestational age
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above 90th percentile of birth weight
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low birth weight
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mix of preterm and small for gestational age (<2500 gm)
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very low birth weight
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<1500 gm
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uterine constraint
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35-38 weeks to some extent everyone - bicornate uterus, twins, oligohydramnios (not enough amniotic fluid) - deformations or malformations
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reasons for low birth weight
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Baby probs: chromosomes, TORCHES, other congenital anomalies, fancy conception technology
Placenta/Uterus probs bicornate; fibroids & other tumors; malformations (previa, abruptia) MOM PROBS: substance abuse (crack/cocaine, tobacco, opiates, alcohol), toxemia & other hypertensions, inadequate nutrition |
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oligohydramnios
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not enough amniotic fluid - causes uterine constraint
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polyhydramnia
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too much fluid - prob something wrong w baby
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neonatal asphyxia
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death/brain injuries in newborns
placenta previa; abruptio placenta; cord compression; toxemia; prolonged rupture of amniotic sac; chorioamnionitis |
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abruptio placenta
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a big bleed between placenta and uterine wall)
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placenta previa
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a low-slung placenta overlying the os
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toxemia
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mom has low oxygen
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cephalhematoma
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Hemorrhage under the scalp ("subgaleal hematoma" for pathologists). Trivial; no known risks worth remembering
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intracerebral hemorrhage
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from dural sinuses or brain substance. The most important birth injury. Devastating.
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caput succedaneum
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Edema of the scalp where the head was pressed against the opening cervix. Trivial; no known risks worth remembering.
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birth injuries
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cephalhematoma
caput succedaneum intracerebral hemorrhage upper extremity injuries (clavicle, humerus) brachial plexus injury facial nerve injury |
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APGAR
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Heart Rate
Respiration Muscle Tone Color Response to suctioning nostrils measure at 1 & 5 minutes |
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causes of childhood mortality
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accident
child abuse cancer prematurity & birth defects SIDS |
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causes of death in teens
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accident
homicide suicide cancer |
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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heel stick screens newborns; recessive d/o can't break down phenylalanine to tyrosine d/t lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase - builds up, mental retardation
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galactosemia
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screen infants
galactokinase def -> cataracts - not so bad BAD -cerebral edema & brain damage from milk; liver damage, etc |
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cystic fibrosis
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chloride channel defect
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cystic fibrosis morphology
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mucus plugs in exocrine ducts
cysts form behind the plugs fibrosis after years of obstruction recurrent pneumonia lung abcess bronchiectasis |
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CF clinical picture
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death in teens & young adults
(life expectancy 25 yrs; hosp 2x yr) |
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CF treatment
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pancreatic enzyme replacement
control lung infex mucolytics lung transplant ?gene therapy |
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CF diagnosis
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meconium ileus (neonate)
sweat test (salty) genetic testing |
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NRDS
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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome aka hyaline membrane dz
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NRDS - how many affected, risk factors
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10-40K newborns/yr
Risks: preterm Diabetic mom (baby 9.5+ lbs) C-section |
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NRDS - pathophysiology
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no surfactant - inc surface tension; more pressure requ to hold alveoli open; lungs collapse (atelectasis)
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hormones involved in surfactant production
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insulin
cortisol prolactin thyroxine (thryoid not tested til 1 wk - too late) iodine deficiency - related to inc or dec seleium. Red NRDS by daily thyroid hormone tx) |
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NRDS - morphology
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collapesed lung
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NRDS - clinical
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lower rib/sternal inspiratory retractions
expiratory grunts can progress to crackles cyanosis flacccid, unresponsive, apneic neonate |
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NRDS - treatment
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intubation of surfactant
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Neonatal jaundice
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can go to brain as well as skin, eyes - expose to sunshine or full-spectrum lights
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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hemolytic anemia fm mother/infant blood group incompatability
Rh worse ABO more common mother has antibodies to babies blood |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis - morphology
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anemia - varies - reticulocytes, normoblasts, erythroblasts
jaundice & kernicterus c/b present liver continues hematopoeisis c/b severe edema or CHF (hydrops fetalis( |
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hydrops fetalis
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severe edema/CHF in young children (result of erythroblastosis)
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