Pathology Quiz 3 Topic 12

Front 1

What two factors determine disease outcome

Back 1

Host - defense capabilities
Agent - destructive capacity

Front 2

What factors affect host defense capabilities

Back 2

Mucosal barrier, age influence, nutrition, pre-existing disease, local factors, genetic abnormalities of neutrophils, other genetic diseases

Front 3

Side 2: What is a mucosal barrier
Side 3: Where are some sites it may be found

Back 3

Type of epithelium covering surface and providing a physical barrier
Additional features - cilia, mucous secretion

Hint 3

Skin, respiratory system, urinary system, GI tract

Front 4

What are some defense mechanisms of the GI tract

Back 4

Saliva, mucus, resident flora and fauna, gastric pH, secretory Ig, vomiting, liver and pancreatic secretions, intestinal enzymes, epithelial turnover, peristalsis (diarrhea), adaptive immune system

Front 5

Age influence
Side 2: what are some properties of the fetus or neonate
Side 3: What are some properties of the geriatric animal

Back 5

Decreased vascular responsiveness, unresponsive to some mediators, decreased circulating WBCs, immature neutrophils/MP, decreased blood clearance of bact

Hint 5

Decreased responsiveness of immune system, decreased rate of fibroblast proliferation

Front 6

What are some outcomes of poor nutrition

Back 6

Atrophy of lymphoid tissue in lymphoid organs resulting from protein deficiency
poor wound healing related to vitamin C or zinc deficiency

Front 7

What are the properties of Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease)

Back 7

Gluconeogenesis but decreased flucose uptake by cells, vascular endo altered permeability and decreased response to mediators, decreased emigration and chemotaxis of WBCs, lysosomal membrane stabilized, decreased PG lvls, lymphocytolysis, decreased lymphocytic proliferations, decreased healing response

Front 8

Side 2: What is Diabetes mellitus
Side 3: What are some properties

Back 8

Increased production and under utilization of glucose

Hint 8

Decreased: phagocytosis, chemotaxis, blood supply
Glycosylation of important proteins interferes with function of many cell types

Front 9

Side 2: what breed is associated with cyclic neutropenia
Side 3: what breed is granulocytopathy associated with

Back 9

Grey collies

Hint 9

Irish setters

Front 10

Side 2: What breed is associated with defective neutrophil bactericidal activity
Side 3: What breed is associated with C3 deficiency

Back 10

Doberman pinschers

Hint 10

Brittany spaniels

Front 11

Side 2: What is Pelger-Huet anomaly
Side 3: What species are associated

Back 11

Failure of granulocytes to become multilobed
(neutrophil hyposegmented)

Hint 11

Dogs and cats

Front 12

Side 2: What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Side 3: What breeds are associated with cell adhesion defects

Back 12

WBC abnormalities - contain large granules (characteristic)
Seen in a variety of animals
(defective phagocytosis)

Hint 12

Holstein cattle and Irish setters

Front 13

What are some host agent interactions

Back 13

Cytolytic killing of phagocytes by bacteria, prevention of phagolysosome fusion, bacteria survival in phagolysosomes, encapsulation, adaptation to environment, development of antigenic variance, antigenic mimicry, immunosuppression, immune interference

Front 14

Side 2: What is the importance of cytolytic killing of phagocytes
Side 3: What are some examples of bacteria and the toxins they produce

Back 14

In process of killing phagocytes, lysosomal enzymes are released causing tissue necrosis and permitting diffuse spread of bact

Hint 14

Streptococci - streptolysins
Staphylococci - alpha toxins
Pasteurella hemolytica - leukotoxins
Corynebacterium ovis

Front 15

Side 2: What is the mechanism for prevention of phagolysosome fusion
Side 3: What is formed if an immune response is provoked

Back 15

Engulfed bact reamin in phagosome but don't stimulate lysosomal fusion and discharge - pahgolysosome not formed
Bact persist in dormant state

Hint 15

If provoke an immune response - DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity) - Granuloma formaion

Front 16

What are the mechanisms for which the following organisms prevent phagolysosome fusion
Side 2: toxoplasma gondii
Side 3: Mycobacterium bovis

Back 16

Phagocytized and remain inert until replicates itself causing cell lysis

Hint 16

Survives in phagosome but stimulates marked DTH response causing granulomatous inflammation

Front 17

What are the mechanisms for which Rhodococcus equi prevents phagolysosome fusion

Back 17

Survives in phagosome but may elicit a marked suppurative response

Front 18

Side 2: What is the mechanism by with bacteria survive in phagolysosome
Side 3: What are some examples

Back 18

Agents have a complex cell wall that resists digestive enzymes of WBCs

Hint 18

Mycobacterium avium and leprae
Listeria monocytogenes
Brucella abortus - resides in ER; cell wall inhibits myeloperoxidase activity

Front 19

Side 2: What is the mechanism of encapsulation
Side 3: what are some agents with this ability

Back 19

Disease agents survive in hostile intracellular and extracellular sites by secreting a thick glycoprotein capsule

Hint 19

Streptococci equi, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 20

Side 2: What is the mechanism by which agents adapt to the environment
Side 3: What are some examples

Back 20

Agents modify their environment in host tissues by releasing products to make local environment favorable for their survival and replication

Hint 20

Helicobbacter pylori - secretes urease (urea-ammonia) making site more alkaline and locally buffering stomach acid
Enteric bact - regulates local pH in gut by secreting decarboxylases

Front 21

Side 2: What is the mechanism of antigenic variance
Side 3: What are the outcomes of this

Back 21

Capacity to vary surface antigens, bypassing the secondary immune response

Hint 21

Marked primary immune response having a marked lympho-plasmacytic response

Front 22

What are some agents with the ability to cause antigenic variance

Back 22

Viruses - Ovine progressive pneumonia virus, equine infectious anemia virus
Baceria - Campylobacter fetus
Protozoa - Trypanosomes (blood and tissue), Plasmodium (malaria)

Front 23

Side 2: What is the mechanism of antigenic mimicry
Side 3: What are some agents with this ability

Back 23

Agents absorb host antigens on surface membranes so they are not recognized as 'foreign'
Provoke an attenuated chronic inflammatory response

Hint 23

Haemonchus contortus ('barber pole' worm)
Shistosomes (blood flukes)
Cysticercus (larval stage of some cestodes)

Front 24

Side 2: What are the two mechanisms of immunosuppression
Side 3: What does it look like

Back 24

Killing lymphocytes
Inhibiting lymphocyte function

Hint 24

Infectious lesion is one of necrosis but with little inflammatory response

Front 25

Side 2: What are some viral agents with the ability to cause immunosuppresion
Side 3: What is a parasitic agent

Back 25

Canine distemper virus, canine/feline parvovirus, felin leukemia/immunodeficiency virus, Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Hog cholera virus, New castle disease virus

Hint 25

Demodex folliculorum (dog mite)

Front 26

Side 2: What is immune interference
Side 3: Give an example of an agent with this property

Back 26

Immune response is regulated by the organism

Hint 26

Leishmania organisms - may induce 'class switching' (TH1 to TH2) - avoiding cell mediated immunity