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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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does dan need to go back and reread the lecture becuase the first set of flashcards were lost?
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yes
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what color is lipofuscin?
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brown
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where does lipfuscin accum?
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heart, liver
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what is the mechanism for lipofuscin accum?
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free-radical polymerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids
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what is the "wear and tear" marker of aging?
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lipfuscin
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does lipofuscin cause cellular dysfunction?
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NO
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extreme example of lipofuscin looks like what on gross?
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black heart
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where in the cell odes lipofuscin accum?
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next to the nucleus
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Anthracosis is what?
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accum of microparticulate element carbon in macrophages
macrophage is moved to the lymph but it never leaves |
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where is anthracosis seen?
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lung, hilar lymph nodes, diaphragm, burns
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what is anthrosilicosis?
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due to a inadequate respiratory protection in a miner, carbon with silicon too, which can scar the lung tissue
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what is the repository of all foreign material?
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macrophages,
we see this in tattoos too |
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iron-containing protein ferritin in states of local or systemic inon overload
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hemosiderosis
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site of accumulation of hemosiderin?
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local, any resolving hemmorhage
systemic: liver, pancreas, synovium--arthritis, heart, cardiomyopathy |
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what stain differentiated hemosiderin from bile or lipofuscin (all are brown)?
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prussian blue
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what are numerous specific metabolic defects known collectively as?
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The glycogenoses
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von gierkes is a deficiency in what?
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hepatic glucose-6-Phosphatase
any metabolite behind the blockage will accumulate |
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Type V glycogenosis: mcardles
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no glycogen phosphorylase, the first step in mobilization of glucose from glycogen.
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what are numerous specific metabolic defects known collectively as?
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The glycogenoses
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What infectious organisms can cause accumulation intracellularly?
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herpes simplex (nuclear inclusions without cell enlargement, CMV (large infected cells)
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von gierkes is a deficiency in what?
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hepatic glucose-6-Phosphatase
any metabolite behind the blockage will accumulate |
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What is amyloid?
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proteinaceous EC accum. causing insolubility
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Type V glycogenosis: mcardles
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no glycogen phosphorylase, the first step in mobilization of glucose from glycogen.
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How many different proteins in amyloid?
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many, like 15
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What infectious organisms can cause accumulation intracellularly?
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herpes simplex (nuclear inclusions without cell enlargement, CMV (large infected cells)
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What is calcification?
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precipatation of insoluble salt of divalent cations in extraskeletal tissues
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Can you see calc on xray?
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yes, sometimes
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What is amyloid?
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proteinaceous EC accum. causing insolubility
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How many different proteins in amyloid?
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many, like 15
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What does amyloid look like grossly?
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enlargement of organ, due to pure mass effect
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What is calcification?
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precipatation of insoluble salt of divalent cations in extraskeletal tissues
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At at cellular level, amyloid can be cytotoxic? What does it look like?
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YES
eosinophilic, congo red is used to see it often (like in islets), shows its fibers if stained with CR |
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Can you see calc on xray?
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yes, sometimes
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amyloid is believe to be composed of what structure?
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beta sheets. however, it can form other shapes too
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What does amyloid look like grossly?
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enlargement of organ, due to pure mass effect
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formation of what is associated with prion disease?
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amyloid
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At at cellular level, amyloid can be cytotoxic? What does it look like?
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YES
eosinophilic, congo red is used to see it often (like in islets), shows its fibers if stained with CR |
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prions are different than viruses because they do not contain:
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nucleic acid
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amyloid is believe to be composed of what structure?
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beta sheets. however, it can form other shapes too
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formation of what is associated with prion disease?
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amyloid
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What factor is found in amyloid? function?
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amyloid P component.
function is to bind to nucleic acid to prevent immune response |
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prions are different than viruses because they do not contain:
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nucleic acid
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Apolipoprotein E is associated with what?
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alzheimers
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What factor is found in amyloid? function?
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amyloid P component.
function is to bind to nucleic acid to prevent immune response |
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Apolipoprotein E is associated with what?
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alzheimers
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are different amyloids specific for different diseases?
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yes
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what contributes to amyloid deposition?
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excessive protein, production, abnormal portein, extreme longevity, cooperative self assembly, abnormal protein processing
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if an x ray is white, its called?
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radio opaque
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if xray is air like it it?
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black, radiolucent
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what affects calcium deposition?
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concentration, counterion concentration, pH, nucleating factors, inhibiting factors,
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what is metastatic calcification?
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systemic associated with imbalance in plasma calcium concentration
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examples of metastatic?
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soft tissue in hypoparathyroidism, decrease Ca, increase Pos
hyperparathyroidism: increase serum Ca, lower PO4 |
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Saponification
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dystrophic calcification, cuased by in-situ triglyceride hydrolysis
ALWAYS SEEN AFTER NECROSIS seen after release of lipase in pancreatitis |
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pathologic ossification
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calcification in abnormal deposits of osteoid bone matrixbe be malignant and benign
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Aging***********************
The gompertz curve: N(t)-N0e^1/Rt Age vs death |
reaches a pretty normal slope at about age 10
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what would be the life expectancy of immortal individuals?
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1200 years
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Examples of accelerated aging:
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hutchinson gilford progreria
werner syndrome--premature graying, hypogonad, muscle atrophy, athersclerosis, sarcomas, gene is associated with a helicase down syndrome diabetes |
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down syndrome causes what to increase aging?
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beta-amyloid deposition, premature alzheimers
lifespan to 40 and beyond |
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calorie restriction is associated with?
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increased lifespan due to delayed puberty, delayed immunological aging, delayed onset of cancer, etc.
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As we age, what changes occur in the tissues?
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LOSS OF LUNG ELASTICITY, AORTIC ELASTICITY, COLLAGENASE, LENS ACCOMODATION, GLUCOSE DISPOSAL,
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What are two stochastic forms of aging theories?
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oxidative stress and carbonyl stress (glycation/ maillard reaction)
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Genetic causes of aging?
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hayflick/telomeres
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chemical changes
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the collagen in your body changes as you age, becomes darker, more opaque
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maillard reaction is what?
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glucose and protein forming a complex, leading to browning product, GLYCATION
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What can increase in the skin with aging?
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pentosidine
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Hayflick theory says that
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there is a cessation of cellular proliferation after a fixed number of cell populations double
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senescence as as tumor suppressor mechanism
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tumors are able to become immortalized with telomerase activity
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why does dietary restriction work?
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you lower:
calories body weight circulating fuels insulin free radical and carbonyl stress |
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if you take away an electron, you get a...
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free radical
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if you add an electron, you get...
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3 electrons, or another free radical
as you pass the electron, you do damage |
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Can free radicals diffuse far?
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no, only nanometers
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free radicals are highly reactive molecular species with unpaired electron
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chain reaction
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how do we deal with FRs?
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scavenger enzymes,
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oxidative stress causes?
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inflammation
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what are some examples of ox. stress diseases?
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autoimmune, MS, cancer, muscular dystrophy, pancreatitis, cataractogenesis, diabetes, ischemic-reperfusion injury
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Where do free radicals come from?
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mitchondria--they have their own detox system and are constantly removing them
many are made in the ETC chain |
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Metabolic source of oxygen radicals?
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ionizing radiation, reaction of transition metals with O2
production of NO, which can react with O2, forming ONOO- which decays to OH* |
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leukocyte burst produces?
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FRs!
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respiratory burst of macrophages produces?
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FRs!
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Sequlae of CCl4 toxicity?
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lipid radicals-->lipid peroxidation,
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where do free radicals act?
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on the lipid bilayer maybe,
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