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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shaken baby syndrome
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Bilateral retinal hemorrahge or detachment, subdural hematomas, cigarette burns, multiple bruises, healed fractors on X-ray. Usually female or primary care giver.|||
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Child sexual abuse
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Genital/anal trauma, STDs, UTIs. Perpretrator usually male and known to victim.|||
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Anaclitic depression (hospitalism)
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Depression in an infant due to continued separation from caregiver. Withdrawn and unresponsive. Reversible.|||
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Most often presents with ASTHMA*, sinusitis, skin lesions, and peripheral neuropathy (e.g., wrist/foot drop, extreme pain); can also involve heart, GI, and kidneys.||Decreased frontal lobe volumes.|Methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine.
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Conduct disorder
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Precursor to antisocial behavior before age 18. Reptitive and pervasive behavior violating social normals (aggression, destruction of property, theft).|||
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Oppositional defiant disorder
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Enduring pattern of hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures in absence of serious violations of social norms.|||
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Tourette's syndrome
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Coprolalia (obscene speech). Sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations that last for greater than 1 year. Associated with OCD. <18 years of age.|||Haloperidol or other antipsychotics.
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Separation anxiety disorder
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Overwhelming fear of separation from home or loss of attachment figure. May lead to factitous physical complaints to avoid leaving home. Onset 7-9 years of age.|||
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Autistic disorder
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Severe language impairment and poor social interactions. Greater focus on objects than people. Reptitive behavior and below normal intelligence. More common in males.|||Behavioral and supportive therapy to improve communication and social skills.
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Asperger's disorder
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Mild autism. Charcterized by all-absorbing intersts, reptitive behavior, problems with social relationships. Normla intelligence. No language or verbal deficits.|||
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Rett's disorder
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Normal female until age 4. Regression characterized by loss of development, mental retardation, loss of speech, ataxia, and sterotyped hand-wringing.||X-linked dominant. Fatal in males.|
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Childhood disintegrative disorder
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Normal until age 3-4. More common in males. Regression characterized loss of bowel/bladder control, motor skills, social/language skills.|||
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Korsakoff's amnesia
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Anterograd amenesia with confabulations. Seen in alcoholics.||Bilateral destruction of mamillary bodies due to thiamine deficiency (B1).|
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Delirium
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Waxing and waning level of consciousness with an acute onset. Change in mental status, hallucinations, disorganized thought; sensorium. Reversible. Common post-surgery.|Abnormal EEG.|Check of anticholinergic drugs.|
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Dementia
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A decline in mental function from a previous higher state with no alteration of consciousness. Irreversible.|Normal EEG.||
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Delusions
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A set of fixed, false beliefs. Normal in other aspects. (ex. thinking the CIA is spying on you).|||
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Illusions
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Misinterpretations of actual external stimuli (seeing a light and thinking it's the sun).|||
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Hallucinations
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Perceptions of absent external stimuli (seeing a light that isn't there).|||
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Loose association
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Disorders in the form of thought (the way ideas are tied together).|||
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Schizophrenia
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Male in early 20s, female in late 20s. Auditory hallucinations, flat affect, delusions, disorganized speech (loose asociation), catatonic behavior, withdrawal for at least 6 months. Increased suicide risk.||Increased dopamine.|Atypicals first (resperidol, clozapine) followed by haloperidol, etc.
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Brief psychotic disorder
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Schizophrenic symptoms for less than 1 month.|||
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Schizophreniform disorder
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Schizophrenic symptoms for greater than 1 month and less than 6 months.|||
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Schizoaffective disorder
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Schizophrenia with the addition of a major depressive episode or mania. Depression only occurs during psychotic episodes.|||
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Delusional disorder
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A set of fixed, false beliefs lasting more than 1 month. Normal in other respects. Erotomanic, jealous, grandiose, persecutory, somatic.|||
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Dissociative identity disorder
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Female with history of sexual abuse; prsence of 2 or more distinct identities.|||
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Depersonalization disorder
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Persistent feelings of detachment or estrangement from oneself.|||
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Dissociative fugue
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Abrupt change in geographic location without ability to recall past, confusion of personal identity or asumption of a new identity. Associated with traumatic events (natural disasters, war).|||
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Manic episode
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Distractaibility, irresponsibility (hedonistic), grandiosity, flight of ideas, psychomotor agitation, decrease sleeping, talkative. Lasts at least 1 week.|||
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Hypomanic episode
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Less severe manic episode without psychosis; doesn't necessitate hospitalization.|||
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Bipolar disorder
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Alternating periods of mania and depression. Type I: manic, type II: hypomanic. High suicide risk.|||Lithium, carbamazapine, valproic acid
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Dysthmia
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Milder depression that lasts for more than 2 years.|||
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Cyclothymic disorder
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Milder form of bipolar disorder (smaller ups and downs) lasting at least 2 years.|||
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Major depressive episode
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Increased sleep, anhedonia, guilt, loss of energy/concentration, weight gain or loss, suicidal ideations, feeling worthless. Must last at least 2 weeks.|||SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs. Mirtazapine (depression with insomnia).
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Major depressive disorder
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2 or more major depressive episodes with a symptom free interval of 2 months.||Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine.|
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Seasonal affective disorder
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Depression associated with winter season.|||Exposure to full-spectrum light, NOT melatonin.
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Sleep patterns of depression patients
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Decreased slow-wave and REM latency. Increased early REM and total REM. Repeated night awakenings, early-morning awakening.|||
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Atypical depression
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Hypersomnia, overeating, and mood reactivity (ability to experience improved mood in response to positive events). Associated with weight gain and sensitivity to rejection.|||Tranylcypromine, phenelzine (MAOIs).
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Panic disorder
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Recurrent epsiodes of intense fear and discomfort not associated with a particular place or stimulus. Palpitations, paresthesia, abdominal distress, shaking, shortness of breath.|||Cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs, TCAs, benzodiazepines.
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Specific phobia
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Fear that is excessive or unreasonable and interferes with normal function. Cued by anticipation.|||Systematic desensitizations.
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Social phobia
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Exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations (public speaking, public restrooms).|||SSRIs.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Recurring, intrusive thoughts or feelings that cause severe distress in the patient (ego dystonic). Allieviated by performance of repetitive actions (compulsions). Associated with Tourette's disorder.|||SSRIs, clomipramine.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Persistent re-experiencing of traumatic event; nightmares, flashbacks leading to avoidance. Disturbance lasts for more than 1 month.|||Psychotherapy, SSRIs.
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Acute stress disorder
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PTSD like symptoms lasting between 2 days and 1 month.|||
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Adjustment disorder
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Anxiety or depression causing impariment following an identifiable psychosocial stressor (divorce, illness) lasting less than 6 months.|||
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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Uncontrolled anxiety in all aspects of life for at least 6 months.||Increased norepinephrine, decreased GABA, decreased serotonin (5-HT).|Buspirone, benzodiazepine, SSRIs.
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Malingering disorder
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Patient consciously fakes a medical disorder to attain secondary gain (money, avoiding work, drugs). Complaints cease after gain; avoids treatment.|||
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Factitious disorder
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Patient consciously fakes a medical disorder to attain primary gain (attention, assume "sick role"). Complaints do not cease after secondary gain.|||
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Munchausen's syndrome
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Chronic factitious disorder; characterized by multiple hospital admissions and willingness to receive invasive procedures.|||
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Munchausen's syndrome by proxy
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When illness in a child is caused by the caregiver; motivation to assume a sick role by proxy. Child abuse.|||
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Somatiziation disorder
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More common in women. Production of illness is unconscious (they aren't faking it). Characterized by complaints in multiple oragn systems (4 pain, 2 GI, 1 sexual, 1 pseudoneurologic) over a period of years.|||
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Conversion disorder
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More common in women. Production of illness is unconscious (they aren't faking it). Motor or sensory symptoms (paralysis, blindness, mutism) often after an acute stressor. Patient is aware of but indifferent toward symptoms; "la belle indifference".|||
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Hypochondriasis
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More common in women. Production of illness is unconscious (they aren't faking it). Preoccupation with and fear of having a serious illness despite medical evaulation and reassurance.|||
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Body dysmorphic disorder
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More common in women. Production of illness is unconscious (they aren't faking it). Preoccupation with minor or imagined defect in appearnace, leaidng to significant distress. May have repeat cosmetic surgery.|||
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Pain disorder
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More common in women. Production of illness is unconscious (they aren't faking it). Prolonged pain with no physical findings.|||
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Paranoid personality disorder
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Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness in all aspects of life (vs. discrete source in paranoid delusion disorder); projection defense mechanism.||Cluster A personality disorders; inability to develop meaningful relationships; no psychosis, genetic assocation with schizophrenia.|
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Schizoid personality disorder
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Voluntary social withdrawal, limited emotional expression; happy loner.||Cluster A personality disorders; inability to develop meaningful relationships; no psychosis, genetic assocation with schizophrenia.|
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Schizotypal personality disorder
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Eccentric appearance, odd beliefs or magical thinking, interpersonal awkwardness.||Cluster A personality disorders; inability to develop meaningful relationships; no psychosis, genetic assocation with schizophrenia.|
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Antisocial personality disorder
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Conduct disorder if < 18. Disregard for and violation of rights of others, criminality. Males > females.||Cluster B personality disorders; dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse.|
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Borderline personality disorder
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Unstable mood and interpersonal realtionships, impulsiveness, self-mutilation, sense of emptiness. Mood reactivity. Females > males; splitting defense mechanism.||Cluster B personality disorders; dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse.|
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Histrionic personality disorder
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Excessive emotionality and excitability, attention seeking, sexually provocative, overly concerned with appearance.||Cluster B personality disorders; dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse.|
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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Grandiosity, sense of entitlement, lacks empathy and requires excessive admiration. Demands the best and reacts to criticism with rage.||Cluster B personality disorders; dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse.|
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Avoidant personality disorder
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Hypersensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy, desires close relationships with others. Unhappy loner. (vs. schizoid).||Cluster C; anxious or fearful. Genetic association with anxiety disorders.|
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Obsessive-compulsive personal disorder
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Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control; ego syntonic (vs OCD).||Cluster C; anxious or fearful. Genetic association with anxiety disorders.|
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Dependent personality disorder
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Submissive and clinging; excessive need to be taken care of; lose self-confidence.||Cluster C; anxious or fearful. Genetic association with anxiety disorders.|
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Anorexia nervosa
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Excessive dieting, purging; intense fear of gaining weight. Increased exercise. Amenorrhea, anemia, electrolyte imbalances, cessation of sexual development, lanugo (fine hair). Coexists with depression. Young girls.|Decrease bone density, severe weight loss (< 85% below ideal body weight), metastarsal stress fractures.||SSRIs.
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Bulimia nervosa
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Binge eating with purging (emetics, laxatives, diuertics, exercise). Body weight in normal range. Parotitis, enamel erosion, electrolyte disturbances, alkalosis.|Russell's sign (dorsal hand calluses from inducing vomiting).||Olanzapine (atypical antipsychotic), SSRIs.
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Gender identity disorder
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Strong, persistent cross-gender identification. Persistent discomfort with one's sex, causing significant distress/impaired functioning.|||
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Substance dependence
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Characterized by tolerance, withdrawal, overdose, failure to quit, continued use despite knowledge of problems it causes, reduced social/occupational/recreational activities because of substance use.|||
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Substance abuse
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Characterized by NEVER meeting criteria for substance depenence. Recurrent use resulting in failure to meet work/school/home obligations, use in hazardous situations, substance related legal problems, continued use in spite of problems.|||
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Alcohol intoxication
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Disinhibition, emotinal lability, slurred speech, ataxia, coma, blackouts. |Elevated serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)||Naltrexone, disulfiram.
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Alcohol withdrawal
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Tremor, tachycardia, hypertension, malaise, seizures, nausea, delirium tremens, tremulousness, agitation, tactile hallucinations.|||Benzodiazepines (taper dose gradually).
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Opioid intoxication
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CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, constiupation, pupillary constriction, seizures.|||Naloxone, naltrexone.
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Opioid withdrawal
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Anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, sweating, dilated pupils, piloerection, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, yawning.|||Methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone.
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Barbituate intoxication
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Respiratory depression, coma. Low safety margin.|||Symptom management (respiratory, increase BP).
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Barbituate withdrawal
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Anxiety, seizure, delerium, life threatening CV collapse.|||
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Benzodiazepine intoxication
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Amnesia, ataxia, somnolence, minor respiratory depression. Additive effects with alcohol. Greater safety margin than barbituates.|||Flumazenil.
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Benzodiazepine withdrawal
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Rebound anxiety, seizures, tremor, insomnia.|||Benzodiazepines (taper the dose gradually!).
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Amphetamine intoxication
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Psychomotor agitation, pupillary dilation, hypertension, tachycardia, euphoria, prolonged wakelfulness, delusion, hallucinations.|||
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Amphetamine withdrawal
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Depression, lethargy, stomach cramps, hypersomnolence, hunger.|||
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Cocaine intoxication
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Sudden cardiac death, paranoia, angina, tactile hallucinations, tachycardia, hypertension, pupillary dilation, euophoria, agitation.|||
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Cocaine withdrawal
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Severe depression, suicidality, hypersomnolence, fatigue, malaise, severe psychological craving.|||
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Caffeine intoxication
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Restlessness, insomnia, increased diuresis, muscle twitching, cardiac arrhythmias.|||
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Caffeine withdrawal
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Headache, lethargy, depression, weight gain.|||
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Nicotine intoxication
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Restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, arrhythmias.|||
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Nicotine withdrawal
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Irritability, headache, anxiety, weight gain, craving.|||Buproprion, varenicline.
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PCP intoxication
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Belligerence, impulsiveness, fever, super-human strength, homicidality, psychosis, tachycardia, horizontal nystagmus.|||
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PCP withdrawal
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Depression, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, anergia, disturbances of thought and sleep.|||
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LSD intoxication
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Flashbacks, pupillary dilation, marked anxiety or depression, delusions, visual hallucinations.|||
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Marijuana intoxication
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Euophoria, anxiety, paranoid delusions, perception of slowed time, imparied judgment, social withdrawal, increased hunger, dry mouth, hallucinations.|||
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Marijuana withdrawal
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Irritability, depression, insomnia, nausea, anorexia. Lasts up to a week. Detected in urine up to 1 month after use.|||
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Narcolepsy
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Rapid onset REM sleep. Cataplexy (loss of muscle control). Hypnagogic (before sleep) and hypnopompic (before waking) hallucinations.||Genetic component.|Modafinil, amphetamines.
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Obstructive sleep apnea
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Stop breathing for at least 10 seconds; respiratory effort against airway obstruction. Increased with obesity, thick neck, sleeping on back. Leads to systemic and pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, and sudden death. Chronic fatigue.|||Weight loss, CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), surgery.
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Central sleep apnea
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Stop breathing for at least 10 seconds; NO RESPIRATORY EFFORT.|||
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Sleep terror disorder
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Periods of terror with screamign in the middle of the night; most common in children; occurs during swo-wave sleep. No memory of arousal, unknown cause but may be triggered by emotional stress, fever, or lack of sleep.|||
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Alcoholism
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Physiological tolerance and dependence with symptosm of withdrawwal (tremor, tachycardia, hypertension, malaise, nausea, delirium tremens) when intake is interrupted. ||May develop liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, testicular atrophy.|
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Delirium tremens
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Life-threatening alcohol withdrawal syndroem that peaks 2-5 days after last drink; systems in order of appearance: autonomic system hyperactivity (tachycardia, tremors, anexiety, seizures), psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), confusion.|||Benzodiazepine
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Heroin addiction
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Look at increased risk for hepatitis, abscesses, overdose, hemorrhoids, AIDS, right sided endocarditis. Look for track marks (needle sticks in veins).|||Methadone or suboxone (naloxone + buprenporhpine).
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Normal grief
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Up to 1 year, decreases libido, weight loss, insomnia. Antidepressants don't work.||>1 year becomes depression.|
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