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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 primary infectious disease transmission mechanisms?
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(1) Repiratory droplets and aerosols (2) Fecal-oral (3) Sexually trasmitted (4) Direct contact (5) Vector-borne
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What's Richard's acronym for transmission methods?
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RSVP-D (P = poo!)
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Respiratory droplets formed by
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coughing, sneezing, talking, kissing
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Fecal-oral through
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contaminated hands, food, water
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Sexually trasmitted through
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bodily fluids and direct genital contact
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Direct contact aka
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direct inoculation
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Vector-borne via
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mosquitoes, ticks, insects
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What is the primary method for preventing disease transmission?
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Changes in avoidable behaviors
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What are the 4 simple changes in personal behavior?
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(1) peronal hygiene (2) food handling (3) safe sex practices (4) vaccination [where available]
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What did the 1918 Flu pandemic teach us?
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Role and effect of early quarantine practices (St. Louis <<< Philadelphia death rates)
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What was the example given of (cultural based) behavior affecting infection transmission [eradication example]?
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Spread of small pox after death of individual due to body washing and visitation practices
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What are the three common conditions that predispose to infectious disease transmission?
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(1) Lack of clean water, poor hygiene (2) Crowding (3) Poor nutrition
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In what setting do the three predisposing conditionx exist?
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Refugee camp
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What are the two disease vectors due to lack of clean water, poor hygiene?
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(1) fecal-oral spread (2) direct contact
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Why does crowding increase disease spread?
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Close physical proximity
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Why does poor nutrition lead to infection disease?
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immunosuppressive state (esp. due to protein malnutrition)
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What are the five topics that concern public health?
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(1) hand washing (2) food handling (3) unproteted sexual contact, shared needles (4) vaccination (5) quarantine
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Food for thought: Should health care workers be required to be vaccinated against influenza?
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discuss
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What was the example of the idiot who broke quarantine?
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XDR TB patient (Andrew Speaker)
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List the three types of immunity
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(1) Passive (2) Active (3) Herd
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Characterize passive immunity
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Preseves of antibodies in system via transfused immune globulin, maternal antibody
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T/F passive immunity is permanent
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FALSE
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Characterize active immunity
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Oranism exposure triggers antibody production
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What are they two types of active immunity?
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(1) natural (previous infection) (2) vaccination (vaccination-induced)
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Describe herd immunity
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Decreased chance of infection to an (susceptible) individual since high propensity of immunity in community inhibits opportunity for disease spread
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Define vaccination
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Administration of killed or weakened (live attenuated) infectious organism
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What is a live attenuated infectious organism?
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One made less or non-virulent
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What are the three routes of vaccine administration?
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(1) injection (2) inhalation (3) oral
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What is the purpose of vaccination?
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Induced immunity
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FYI: Vaccine preventable diseases
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See chart, go to (confusing) CDC website
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Outside of childhood diseases, who else might require vaccination?
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Military, travelers, occuational exposure
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Characterize polio
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poliovirus causes acute paralysis in 1% of cases Vaccine in 1955. US eradication in 1979
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Characterize measles
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highly contagious, most deadly childhood illness mainly from pneumonia or encepthalitis
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Explain the central cause of the major US measles outbreaks
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Both epidemics due to infection of unvaccinated local population
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T/F Measles is nonlethal
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FALSE
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What is the most common cause of US measles outbreaks?
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Importation
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What are the two methods of respiratory disease spread?
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(1) droplet transmission (2) airborne transmission
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How do droplet and airborne transmission differ?
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Particle size: Droplets > 5 micrometers fall, droplets <= 5 microm remain airborne longer
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What are common disease passed via airborne transmission?
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TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis), measles (rubeola virus), chickenpox (varicella zoster virus)
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What are preventative measures against respiratory diseases?
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(1) Hand washing (2) cough and sneeze etiquette (3) stay home or use mask (4) isolation
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What are the two forms of transmission of gastrointestinal diseases?
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(1) human fecal-oral contamination of food, water (2) Animal-origin contamination of food
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Examples of GI human fecal-oral pathogens
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rotavirus, Hep A; salmonella, shigella, E. coli
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Examples of GI animal-origin contamination of food
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salmonella, campylobacter, E. coli
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Behavioral changes to limit GI diseases?
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(1) handwashing (2) avoid contact w/ others (3) proper food handling
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What is the example of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis?
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Salmonella
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Sources of salmonella?
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feces, pet reptiles
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Methods of salmonella prevention
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(1) Cook meats thoroughly, avoid raw egg products (2) avoid cross-contamination (3) Keep egg based foods and meats refrigerated
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T/F Pet baby turtles are good gifts for children
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Um, really? Illegal!
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What are the four keys to food safety?
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(1) Clean (2) Separate (3) Cook (4) Chill
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Food safety: Clean
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Wash hands, clean utensiles, surfaces, rags, rinse fresh fruits and vegetables (even if with uneaten rind)
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Food safety: Separate
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Keep raw meat, eggs apart from other foods, use separate boards and utensiles, do not cross contaminate
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Food safety: Cook
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Use food thermometer to bring meats to proper temperature, cook eggs, bring soups/stocks to boil
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Food safety: Chill
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Store meats, eggs <40 degrees F, chill leftovers w/in 2 hours, never defrost at room temp
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Characterize STI, STD
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Sexually transmistted infections and diseases are spread through sexual contact via direct mucosal contact or bodily fluids on genital, anal, oral mucosal surfaces
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What is the primary cause of STI, STD
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Behavior! (not label!)
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T/F STD's are always symptomatic
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False (asymptomatic may still be infectious)
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How are STI/D different from other infectious diseases?
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Preventable
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What is PID?
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Pelvic inflammatory disease is due to chlamydia or gonorrhea infections and may lead to long term issues
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FYI: risks to fetus/newborn, congenital diseases due to STI
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see slide
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What are some long term consequences of STI?
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cardiac, neurologic disease [syphilis], infertility, ectopic pregnancy, adhesions [chlamydia], HIV, chronic infection, hepatocellular carcinoma [HBV], cervical carcinoma [HVP, recurrent painful genital ulcers, meningitis [HSV]
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Prevention of STI/D?
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(1) Abstain from sexual intercourse (oral, vaginal, anal) (2) Long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner
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How to reduce risk of STI/D?
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(1) STD and HIV testing prior to sexual intercourse (2) ASK about STD's and check for symptoms (3) Use barrier protection every time (4) Get regular checkups for STD's and GET TREATED
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T/F US has the highest rate of STI in the industrialized world
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TRUE
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What percentage of individuals with HIV are unaware of status and don't fit into "high risk" category?
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25%
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T/F Less than 20% of females (14-19) have at least one STI
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False (26% do)
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Define blood borne pathogens
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Spread by exposure to blood and body fluids
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What are some reasons for blood borne pathogen exposure?
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(1) Needle-sharing (2) unprotected sex (3) occupational exposure(4) transfusion of blood products
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T/F medical blood products are a major source of blood borne disease transmission
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False (high degree of testing)
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Recap: What are the five primary vectors of infectious disease transmission?
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(1) respriatory (2) fecal-oral (3) STI (4) direct contact (5) vector-borne
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Prevention: respiratory
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Hand washing; cover cough and sneeze; wear a mask
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Prevention: fecal-oral
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Hand washing; safe food handling, clean water supply
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Prevention: STI/D
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Safe sex practices; screening, treatment, abstinence
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Prevention: direct contact
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Hand washing; barrier precautions
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Prevention: Vector-borne
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Insect repellent; clothing, nets; reduce breeding environments
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