Pathology Of The Ear And Eye

Front 1

acute inflammation of the eyelid

Back 1

blepharitis - hordeolum

Front 2

granuloma centered on the meibomian gland

Back 2

Chalazion

Front 3

lipid-containing macrophages that form a yellow plaque on the eyelid

Back 3

xanthelasma

Front 4

conjunctival lump usually located nasally, caused by sun damage

Back 4

pinguecula

Front 5

vascularized conjunctiva that grows horizontally onto the cornea from the nasal side

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Pterygium

Front 6

5 layers of the cornea

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epithelium
Bowman's layer
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium

Front 7

bilateral accumulation of metabolites on the cornea due to defective enzymes

Back 7

inherited corneal dystrophies

Front 8

deficiency of what leads to thickened, bubbly-appearing lesion at the limbus of the cornea

Back 8

Vitamin A deficiency

Front 9

severe form of vitamin A deficiency can lead to what

Back 9

keratomalacia

Front 10

most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 10

staph aureus
strep pneumo
hemophilus aegypticus

Front 11

what organism can lead to acute bacterial conjunctivitis from contaminated contact lens solution

Back 11

pseudomonas aueroginosa

Front 12

what part of the cornea does not regenerate

Back 12

Bowman's membrane

Front 13

most common organism involved in chronic bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 13

staph aureus

Front 14

ophthalmia neonatorum

Back 14

acute, purulent conjunctivitis that can result in blindness by corneal ulceration leading to scarring

Front 15

causes of ophthalmis neonatorum

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neisseria gonorrhea (most common)
chlamydia

Front 16

most common cause of blindness in the world

Back 16

chlamydia trachomatis

Front 17

causes acute cicatrizing keratoconjunctivitis

Back 17

chlamydia trachomatis

Front 18

trichiasis

Back 18

inturning of the lashes

Front 19

entropion

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inturning of the lids

Front 20

symblepharon

Back 20

fushion of lid margins

Front 21

two organisms that can cause myocotic infections of the eye after prolonged immunosuppressive and steroid therapy

Back 21

aspergillus
Candida

Front 22

organism involved in viral infections of the eye

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Herpes

Front 23

most common viral infection of the cornea in neonates

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herpes simplex type 2

Front 24

can can severe damage to the cornea and cerebritis in neonates

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herpes simplex type 2

Front 25

viral infection of the cornea in adults, asymptomatic

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herpes simplex type 1

Front 26

obstruction of aqueous humor drainage leading to rise in intraocular pressure and can cause damage to the retina and optic nerve

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glaucoma

Front 27

acute glaucoma results in what

Back 27

corneal edema
can lead to irreversible endothelial damage

Front 28

chronic glaucoma results in what

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1. pannus formation of fibrovascular tissue between bowman's memebrane and epithelium
2. optic atrophy
3. degeneration of ganglion cell layer

Front 29

occurs if glaucoma occurs before the age of 3

Back 29

buphthalmos

Front 30

increased resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor in the vicinity of Schlemm's canal what a normal drainage angle

Back 30

primary open-angled glaucoma

Front 31

characteristics of primary open-angled glaucoma

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insidious
asymptomatic
both eyes are affected
irreversible loss of peripheral vision
drainage is impaired due to changes in trabecular meshwork

Front 32

predisposing factors for primary closed-angle glaucoma

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small eyes with large lens
narrow anterior chamber angle

Front 33

acute and unilateral eye pain associated with dilating of pupils

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primary closed-angle glaucoma

Front 34

causes of secondary glaucoma

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inflammation
hemorrhage
neovascularization of iris adhesions

Front 35

associated with open angle secondary glaucoma

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1.particulate matter lodged in the trabecular meshwork
2. prolonged administration of corticosteroids
3. fibrovascular adhesions of the iris to the cornea/lens
4. usually unilateral

Front 36

presbyopia

Back 36

aging leads to lens losing its elasticity and the inability to before spherical and magnify to see close objects

Front 37

what accumulates in the lens leading to cataract formation

Back 37

hydroxykynurenin glucoside

Front 38

important predisposing factor for cataract formation

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aging
congenital rubella
radiation therapy
corticosteroids
diabetes mellitus

Front 39

sugar cataract

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young adults with poorly controlled glucose levels accumulate sortibol in the lens

Front 40

two components of the blood-ocular barrier

Back 40

blood-aqueous humor barrier
blood-retinal barrier

Front 41

what supplies the inner layers of the retina (ganglion cell layer)

Back 41

retinal capillaries
non-fenestrated

Front 42

what supplies the out layers of the retina (rods and cones)

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choroid capillaries
freely permeable

Front 43

what acts as the diffusion barrier between choriocapillaries and pigmented epithelium

Back 43

Bruch's membrane

Front 44

inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

Back 44

uveatis

Front 45

if anterior uveatis is not controlled, what can it lead to

Back 45

glaucoma due to interference with aqueous draining by adhesions

Front 46

associated with autoimmune disease and HLA-B27

Back 46

anterior uveatis

Front 47

potential complication from penetrating ocular injuries due to release of sequestered antigens and the body attacking the non-injured eye

Back 47

sympathetic ophthalmitis

Front 48

noncaseating granulomatous disease with predilection for the anterior segment of the eye

Back 48

sarcoidosis

Front 49

swelling of the optic disc

Back 49

papilloedema

Front 50

microaneurysm formation
increased tortuosity of venules
neovascularizations

Back 50

diabetic retinopathy

Front 51

premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who have been subjected to increased level of O2 can develop what

Back 51

retrolental fibroplasia

Front 52

what happens to capillaries under hyperoxic conditions

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premature capillary closure and migration anteriorly is inhibited. new capillaries proliferate without tight junctions and are leaky leading to secondary detachment of the retina

Front 53

associated with copper and silver wiring, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and arteriovenous nicking

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hypertensive retinopathy

Front 54

atrophy of the pigmented epithelium leading to rod dysfunction in the post-equatorial region, developing peripheral vision loss and night blindness

Back 54

retinitis pigmentosa

Front 55

autosomal recessive disease with bone corpuscular pattern

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retinitis pigmentosa

Front 56

macular degeneration

Back 56

affects central vision
accumulation of incompletely degraded material in the cells of the pigmented epithelium
Bruch's membrane accumulates lipid inhibiting transport from choriocapillaries

Front 57

what two layers are separated in retinal detachment

Back 57

detachment of the rods/cones from pigmented epithelium

Front 58

retinal detachment associated with a hole or break in the retina, vitreous traction, and low protein content

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Rhegmatogenous detachment

Front 59

retinal detachment associated with leakage of fluid from blood vessels and high protein content

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Exudative detachment

Front 60

3 predisposing factors for exudative detachment of the retina

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uveal inflammation
choroidal neoplasm
retinoblastoma

Front 61

retinal detachment associated with fibrovascular proliferation within the vitreous chamber

Back 61

traction detachment

Front 62

what things cause traction detachment of the retina

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diabetic retinopathy
retinopathy of prematurity
toxoplasma

Front 63

3 forms of retinal detachment

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rhegmatogenous
exudative
traction

Front 64

most common primary intra-ocular tumor

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malignant malanoma

Front 65

characteristics of malignant melanoma of the eye

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majority arise in the choroid
painless, progressive unilateral vision loss
liver is the primary site for hematogenous metastases

Front 66

characteristics of retinoblastoma

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white pupil
secondary glaucoma
most are sporadic and unilateral
inherited are bilateral
mutation in tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13q14

Front 67

inherited retinoblastomas have increased susceptibility to what other malignancies

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osteogenic sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma

Front 68

what gene is retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene located on

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chromosome 13q14

Front 69

organism that most frequently causes otitis externa

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pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 70

associated with malignant otitis externa

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mastoiditis
venous sinus thrombosis
meningitis

Front 71

how do infections of the nasopharynx reach the middle ear

Back 71

Eustachian/auditory tube

Front 72

what leads to middle ear effusion in otitis media

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obstruction of the auditory tube causes negative pressure to develop and transduction of plasma and occassionally blood to enter the middle ear

Front 73

obstruction of the Eustachian tube during flying in an aircraft or deep-sea driving

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acute serous otitis media

Front 74

associated with inflammation without bacterial invasion of the middle ear
what can repeated episodes lead to

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acute serous otitis media
repeated episodes can contribute to hearing loss due to residual fluid in the middle ear

Front 75

associated with inadequate antibiotic treatment of acute suppurative otitis media

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chronic serous otitis media

Front 76

carcinoma associated with chronic serous otitis media in an adult

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carcinoma of the nasopharynx

Front 77

what should always be suspected in an adult with unilateral middle ear effusion

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carcinoma of the nasopharynx

Front 78

cholesterol granuloma

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an accompanying hemorrhage in chronic serous otitis media leading to degradation of erythryocytes and liberation of cholesterol crystals

Front 79

what can result in complete obliteration from fibrosis of the middle ear and mastoid

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persistant cholesterol granuloma in an accompanying hemorrhage in chronic serous otitis media

Front 80

virulent pyrogenic bacteria invade the middle ear through the auditory tube

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acute suppurative otitis media

Front 81

most common causative agent for acute suppurative otitis media
second

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strep pneumo
hemophilus influenzae

Front 82

acute mastoiditis

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common complication of acute otitis media if poorly treated

Front 83

what can result from acute mastoiditis

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meningitis
cerebellar abscess
sinus thrombosis

Front 84

mass of accumulated keratin in the middle ear from perforated ear drum

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cholesteatoma

Front 85

what can result from a cholesteatoma

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erosion of bone:
auditory ossicles
facial nerve
labyrinth

Front 86

otosclerosis

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bone deposition around the stapes footplate resulting in ankylosing and conduction hearing loss

Front 87

menier's disease triad

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vertigo
sensorineural hearing loss
tinnitus

Front 88

associated hydropic distention of the endolymphatic system of the cochlea and improved with diuretics

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menier's disease

Front 89

drugs associated with labyrinthine toxicity

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aminoglycoside antibiotics
gentamycin

Front 90

prenatal and postnatal causes of viral labyrinthitis

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prenatal - CMV and rubella
postnatal - mumps

Front 91

causes damage to the external hair cells of the organ of Corti

Back 91

acoustic trauma

Front 92

locally destructive tumors that lead to damage of hearing, balance, and facial nerve

Back 92

Schwannoma
Meningioma