Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
define cardiomyopathy.
|
a disease of the cardiac muscle that is not ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, or valvular heart disease
|
|
|
what is gold standard for diagnosing cardiomyopathy?
|
endomyocardial biopsy
|
|
|
what is dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy?
|
a progressive cardiac dilation followed by cardiac hypertrophy
|
|
|
what are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
|
- genetic (autosomal dominant inheritance of cytoskeletal proteins)
- myocarditis - Toxins: EtOH, drugs, excessive Fe |
|
|
what is Peripartum cardiomyopathy?
|
a dilated cardiomyopathy caused by pregnancy
|
|
|
what is the most common cardiomyopathy?
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
what are the gross changes associated with dilated cardiomyopathy?
|
- large, flabby heart (heart can weigh up to 900 g)
- thickened walls - mural thrombi |
|
|
what is the most common reason for a cardiac transplant in adults?
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
what causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
|
mutations in one of the genes that encodes sarcomere proteins
|
|
|
what changes do you see grossly in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
|
- massive heart (up to 1000 g)
- disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum |
|
|
you are about to begin an autopsy on a 17 year old male. you are told that he was previously healthy and collapsed during a basketball game. paramedics arrived to find him without a pulse and he was pronounced dead on the scene. what do you suspect caused his death? what do you expect to find upon examination?
|
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- thick interventricular septum - massive heart - myocyte hypertrophy - myofiber disarray - interstitial fibrosis |
|
|
what are some causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
|
- amyloidosis
- radiation fibrosis - sarcoidosis - metaplastic neoplasm - errors in metabolism |
|
|
what is the prognosis of a patient with a restrictive cardiomyopathy?
|
poor, less than 10% 10 year survival
|
|
|
what is the gross appearance of a heart with myocarditis?
|
enlarged, flabby heart with mttled hemorrhagic areas
|
|
|
what age group is most often affected by Giant cell myocarditis?
|
10 - 40 years old
|
|
|
what will you see microscopically in a patient with giant cell myocarditis?
|
- inflammatory cell infiltrate
- multinucleated giant cells - necrosis |
|
|
what age group is myocarditis most common in?
|
1 - 10 years old
|
|
|
what is the prognosis of a patient with giant cell myocarditis?
|
fatal without a transplant and even with a transplant 25% will recurr
|
|
|
what are the most common reasons for a cardiac transplant?
|
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- ischemic heart disease |
|
|
what is currently the major limitation to long-term success of cardiac transplants?
|
Diffuse Stenosing Intimal Proliferation
|
|
|
what is diffuse stenosing intimal proliferation?
|
low level chronic rejection leads to growth factor secretion which leads neointima formation
|
|
|
name the four types of pericardial effusions are the cause of each.
|
- serous = due to systemic edema
- chylous = due to lymphatic obstruction - serosanguineous = due to chest trauma - hemopericardium = blood in the peridcardium for any reason |
|
|
how much fluid can be tolerated if it is a slow gradual increase? how much can be tolerated if it is a rapid increase?
|
- up to 500 mL
- up to 150 mL |
|
|
what is the most common form of pericarditis?
|
fibrinous
|
|
|
what is the classic cause of fibrinous pericarditis?
|
uremia in renal failure
|
|
|
your attending in the pathology lab shows you a heart that has a "bread and butter" appearance. he also tells you the patient died from renal failure. what is your most likely diagnosis?
|
fibrinous pericarditis
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of purulent pericarditis?
|
bacterial infection
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of caseous pericarditis?
|
TB until proven otherwise
|
|
|
what is a soldier's plaque?
|
a fibrous pericarditis that is most often located on the anterior surface of the heart due to chronic pericarditis
|
|
|
what are the 2 types of chronic pericarditis? which is worse?
|
- adhesive and constrictive
- constrictive |
|
|
what is the classic cause of constrictive pericarditis? what is the most common cause now?
|
- TB
- idiopathic in developed countries, TB in undeveloped countries |
