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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Teat canal=________ canal= ductus papillaris.
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Streak canal
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Explain the flow of milk through the mammary gland.
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Produced in alveoli, comes down duct system, accumulates in gland cistern, then goes to teat cisterm--> teat canal through teat orifice
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What kind of glands are the mammary glands?
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Tubuloalveolar glands
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_______ cell and epithelial cells comprise the tubuloalveolar glands in the mammary gland.
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Myoepithelial cells-contract to squeeze out the milk
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What defines the lobular and lobar (gland) units of the mammary gland?
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Interstitium of collagen, fat, nerves, etc
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The mammary gland is cornified epithelium down until the ________ __________.
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Rosette of Furstenburg-located in the streak canal, radiates upward into gland cistern.
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What promotes the duct development of the mammary glands?
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Ovarian estrogens at puberty and placental estrogens during pregnancy
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When is the ductal system complete in the mammary glands?
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Not complete until first pregnancy
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What promotes alveolar development (but not secretion)
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Progesterone
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Increased _______ is produced at parturition and helps with milk production and let down.
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Prolactin
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Milk letdown involves the _______-______ pathway.
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Neural-oxytocin pathway
-Neural |
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How long is the peak lactation in cows? When are they dry?
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Peak at 8-9 weeks
Dried at ~40 weeks |
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True or false. Sows continue to cycle during lactation.
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False, sows DON'T, cows DO
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_________ on teat skin surface and teat canal, desquamation and ___________ in keratin are some defense mechanisms of the mammary gland.
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Normal flora
Bactericidal fatty acids in keratin |
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What is the function of the Rosette of Furstenberg?
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A barrier for pathogens=defense mechanism of mammary gland
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When testing the milk of a non-nursing dairy cattle, what does it mean if you have more cells than expected?
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Mastitis or some kind of inflammation
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Why do baby pigs sometimes get teat necrosis?
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Rough flooring can rub on the teats and allow a portal of entry for bacteria
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What causes udder edema in heifers?
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Unknown-just happens near partirutiion and get swelling in cutis and around mammary gland
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What are 2 causes of ischemic necrosis of teats?
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Ergotism
Frostbite |
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What do you call inflammation of the nipple?
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Theilitis=mammilitis
mastitis=inflammation of milk gland |
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What is a more common route of infection for mastitis, ascending infection or hematogenous or percutaneous?
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Ascending infections far more common than hematogenous and percutaneous.
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Stretococcus agalactiae is a _________ inhabitant of mammary glands.
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Obligate inhabitant
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True or false. Streptococcus agalactiae infections usually cause an acute outbreak of mastitis then clears up.
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False, persists in lactiferous sinus with periodic excursions into small ducts
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What are the signs related to streptococcus agalactiae infection of the mammary gland?
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Edema, periductal fibrosis
Granulation tissue eventually results |
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Does Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus a more serious condition? Why?
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Staph aureus-can be fatal and causes more serious tissue damage, can cause necrosis, but also can cause septicemia and toxemia
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What tissues are damaged by staphylococcus aureus infection of the mammary gland?
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More invasive than Strep agalactiae and damages subepithelial tissues with more interstitial involvement
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What are 5 possible outcomes of staphylococcus aureus infection?
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1) Gangrene
2) Local necrosis 3) Abscesses 4) Botryomycosis (a chronic purulent granulomatous bacterial infection usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus) 5) Progressive fibrosis |
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What are the 3 possible causative agents of coliform mastitis?
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1) E.coli
2) Klebsiella pneumoniae 3) Enterobacter -All from environment-has to do w/ new production lots and lack of pasture |
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What is a common lesion associated with coliform mastitis?
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Often fatal, gangrene common
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When does coliform mastitis occur?
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Periparturient disease (theoretically can invade at time of drying off)
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What's the morphologic diagnosis of coliform mastitis?
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Necrotic, hemorrhagic, edemic mastitis
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What does the milk from a cow with coliform mastitis look like?
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Watery fluid, often blood tinged
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When do new infections from environmental streptococci usually result in bovine mastitis?
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Usually two weeks following drying off or two weeks prior to calving
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes can affect ________ or ________ glands.
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Immature or dry glands
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*What is different about bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasma?
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Usually affects multiple quarters, also outbreaks in herds
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What is a common cause of granulomatous mastitis?
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Iatrogenic
-Can be Nocardia or yeasts |
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*What are the 2 causative agents of "blue bag" in sheep & goats (very swollen, cyanotic utters)?
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Mannheimia hemolytica
Staphylococcus aureus -Trauma important factor? |
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What are 3 causes of mastitis in sheep & goats?
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1) "Blue bag"
-Mannheimia or Staph aureus 2) OPP (ovine progressive pneumonia) & CAEV 3) Mycoplasma agalactiae |
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What type of mastitis does ovine progressive pneumonia and CAEV cause?
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Lymphocytic interstitial mastitis w/ slow fibrosis of gland
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What kind of mastitis does mycoplasma agalactiae cause in goats?
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Outbreak of systemic disease in goats
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Coliform mastitis is common in _____.
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Sows
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True or false. Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome of sows is usually a multiglandular form of mastitis.
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False, rarely multiglandular
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Is a pyometra more likely to develop in an animal that has or hasn't been bred?
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Has been bred
-If not bred more likely a hydrometra or mucometra |
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What are 2 clinical signs of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome of sows?
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Decreased milk ejection
Mammary tenderness |
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What are 4 types of mammary hyperplasia and dysplasia?
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1) Ductal ectasia (dilation) and hyperplasia
2) Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia -Pic of cat with huge masses 3) Lobular hyperplasia 4) Dysplasia |
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Ductal ectasia and hyperplasia are common in _______ and sometimes form large cysts.
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Dogs
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Ductal ectasia and hyperplasia is a _______ responsive process.
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Hormonal
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What animals are usually affected by fibroadenomatous hyperplasia? What can cause it in other animals?
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Usually young intact females
OR iatrogenic -Watch for in young queens in spring, dang hormones! |
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Lobular hyperplasia looks like ________ ________ tissue.
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Active secretory
-Pre-neoplastic change? |
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Mammary dysplasia is a common change in association with _______, adjacent areas of ________ or ________. Concurrent increase in collagen content is common.
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Blocked ducts, adjacent areas of neoplasia or hyperplasia (fibrocystic disease)
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Canine mammary neoplasia is rare in males, but when it does it occur it's usually associated with __________.
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Sertoli cell tumors
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________ decreases odds of mammary carcinoma.
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Early ovariectomy, later still gives some protection against benign neoplasms
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Prolonged use of __________ mildly increases risk of benign mammary neoplasms and certain high-dose combinations promote malignancies.
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Synthetic hormones
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What needs to be included in a biopsy to determine if mammary neoplasia is present or not?
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Interface b/w normal and abnormal tissue
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True or false. Receptors for estrogen, progesterone, epidermal growth factor and growth hormones are all present in normal mammary tissue.
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True
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______ are nearly twice as likely to develop mammary cancer.
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Purebreds
-Lower risk for collie and boxers |
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True or false. Most cases of mastitis are solitary masses.
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False, over 50% of cases involve multiple masses.
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True or false. Cytology is a poor tool to determine if a canine mammary neoplasia is malignant or benign.
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True
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What do pathologists look at to determine if a canine mammary neoplasia is malignant or benign?
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Is there an invasive pattern of growth*?
Encapsulation? Vascular invasion? Anaplasia? |
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*What is your prognosis if a mammary neoplasia is > 5cm and invasive?
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only 1 year max =not good!
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What are 4 benign canine mammary tumors?
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1) Adenomas
-Multiple subtypes 2) Fibroadenoma 3) Mixed mammary tumors 4) Ductal papilloma |
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What is a mixed mammary tumor?
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Proliferation of epithelial and myoeptihelial cells develop cartilage
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Are complex carcinomas (have myoepithelial proliferation) simple carcinomas more common malignant epithelial tumors?
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Simple is more common, which is less common than special carcinomas (SC, mucinous carcinoma etc)
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What are 2 examples of malignant mesenchymal tumors that can form in the canine mammary gland?
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Fibrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma |
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What should you check for on your exam of a dog that has a mammary mass?
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Check the draining lymph nodes
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Where do the lymphatics from the caudal mammary glands drain to? Cranial pair? Middle?
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Caudal=inguinal area
Cranial=axillary lnn. -middles typically go forward.. |
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About _____% of feline mammary neoplasia are malignant.
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90%!
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If you catch a feline mammary neoplasia early (<2cm) what is life expectancy? If you catch it when >3 cm?
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<2cm= a 4 year median survival
>3 cm=6 months |
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True or false. Mixed mammary tissues are common in cats.
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False, rare in cats
-Adenocarcinomas and simple carcinomas are common |
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You go out and milk the cow and the milk is watery with a blood tinge, what's high on your differentials?
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Coliform mastitis
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You examine a cow that has mastitis with immature glands, what's high on your differentials?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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