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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pathology?
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"A bridging discipline involving both basic science and clinical practice that is devoted to the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
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What three types of tissue growth are characterized as non-neoplastic?
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Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy Metaplasia |
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What are the two types of neoplastic tissue growth?
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Benign
Malignant |
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What causes non-neoplastic changes to tissues?
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Stress
Insult -this is an adaptive means of avoiding injury |
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What type of tissue response is an increase in cell number?
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Hyperplasia
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What type of adaptive tissue response is an increase in cell size?
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Hyperplasia
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What kind of adaptive tissue response is a change in cell type?
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Metaplasia
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Is hyperplasia reversible?
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Yes
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What types of things can cause hyperplasia (increase in cell number)?
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Hormones
Drugs Stresses (toxic, infectious) |
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Which type of adaptive tissue response would you expect to see in cells that are not capable of dividing?
Hyperplasia or Hypertrophy? |
Hypertrophy (increase in cell size)
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How does the gravid uterus enlarge?
-hypertrophy -hyperplasia -both |
Both
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Is metaplasia reversible?
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Yes
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What is metaplasia
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An adaptive, reversible change from one differentiated adult cell type to another?
(types of epithelium: simple squamous, simple columnar, simple cuboidal, transitional) |
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In smoking the epithelial cells change
from normal columnar epithelium to squamous cells. Is this: hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia |
metaplasia
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Is all neoplasia cancer?
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No
Cancer is only malignant tumors. |
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What type of differentiation would you expect to see in a benign tumor?
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Well-differentiated
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What type of differentiation would you expect to see in a malignant tumor?
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a wide-range of differentiation
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What is a benign tumor of the fat called?
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lipoma
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What is a hemangioma
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Benign tumor of the blood vessel
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What is a leiomyoma
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A benign tumor of the smooth muscle
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What is a benign tumor of fibrous tissue?
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fibroma
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What do you call abnormal maturation of tissue "disordered growth"?
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Dysplasia
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True or False: low grade dysplasia is considered pre-malignant
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False
High grade dysplasia is considered pre-malignant |
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True or False: Dysplasia is a gross pathological finding.
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False, dysplasia is seen histologically
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Name 5 features pathologists look for during histology
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1- abnormal cells (cytology)
2- abnormal tissue architecture 3- abnormal differentiation 4- mitoses 5- lymphovascular invasion |
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What is an anaplastic tumor?
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Poorly differentiated tumor
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Whit kind of differentiation in a tumor resembles normal tissue?
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well-differentiated
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What is tumor grade all about?
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tissue differentiation
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Benign tumors can have poor prognosis. How is this so?
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They can grow to a size that impinges on important organs. They can recur.
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The prognosis in malignant tumors is rated based on 5 things.
Name them: |
1- Tumor size
2- histologic grade 3- status of surgical margins 4- lymph node involvement 5- metastasis |
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What do the following terms have in common?
-high grade dysplasia -carcinoma -sarcoma-lymphoma -melanoma |
They suggest malignancy
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Of all the lesions found in the breast what percent are cancer?
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About 10%
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What percent of breast cancer is sporadic vs. inherited?
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90% sporadic
10% inherited |
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What factors increase the likelihood of neoplasm in thyroid gland tumors?
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a solitary nodule
young patient male hx radiation exposure the nodule is "cold" by radioactive iodine imaging |
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Name the gene that causes Cowden syndrome:
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PTEN
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Name the gene that causes Juvenile Polyposis
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SMAD4
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Name the gene that causes hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
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Mismatch Repair
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Name the gene that causes FAP: familial adenomatous polyposis
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APC
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Name the gene that causes Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome
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STK 11
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What is another name for juvenile polyps
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hamartomatous polyps
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Multiple Hamartomatous Polyps are associated with three genetic syndromes.
Name them: |
peutz-jegher
Juvenile polyposis cowden |
