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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is focal neurology ? |
symptoms that can be localised |
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how can focal neurological injury be established? |
neuro exam |
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what is general neurology? |
alteration level of consciousness |
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what type of care is crucial to neurology patients? |
regular contact to see subtle changes |
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how do we assess for spinal cord lesions? |
physical exam |
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what would a focal root injury that caused a spinal lesion imply? |
Only single dermatome or root has been injured |
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if a patient had paralysis, what type of injury to the spine would this imply? |
several roots, below a certain level, have been damaged |
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what is diffuse neurological injury mean |
usually impairment of consciousness |
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What alters the state of consciousness during a diffuse neuro injury? |
increase in intracranial pressure |
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Why would diffuse neuro injury occur? |
a primary or secondary response to focal injury |
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what are the causes of diffuse neuro injury |
Trauma Obs out of norm hyper/hypoglycaemia etc |
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How is diffuse neuro injury assessed? |
AVPU GCS |
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How much blood oxygen does the brain account for ? |
20% |
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if blood flow is decreased to 1 portion of the brain, what does the tissue survival depend on? |
Collateral circulation duration of ischemia magnitude and speed of flow reduction |
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what defines a TIA |
Stroke but for less than 24hr 'mini stroke' |
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what is the treatment for a TIA? |
anti platelet therapy control BP reduce cholesterol |
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What are the two types of stroke? |
Ischemic hemorrhagic |
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what is the most common type of stroke? |
ischemic (85%) |
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Haemorrhage stroke has a ow survival, T? F? |
True |
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what are the causes for a hemorrhagic stroke |
HTN Vascular malformation Berry aneurysm neoplasia trauma drug abuse Iatrogenic |
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What are the risk factors of stroke? |
HTN Diabetes CVD Previous TIA Hyperlipidemia |
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how many people suffer with stroke a year in the UK? |
130,000 |
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What is a subdural hemorrhagic stroke? |
bleeding from the bridging veins from the cortex to venous sinus |
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what is an extradural hemorrhagic stroke? |
post-head injury |
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what is subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke? |
spontaneous 'thunder clap headache' 80% rupture of saccular aneurysm |
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How many people in the UK suffer with dementia? |
80,000 |
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what is the most common cause of dementia? |
Alzheimers (70%) |
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what are the other causes? |
Vascular 15% Levy Bodies 15% |
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the symptoms if the frontal lobe is affected? (dementia) |
Behaviour Mood Motivation Judgement/reason Appetite and continence Disinhibition |
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what are the symptoms if subcortical affected? (dementia) |
slower thinking |
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what are the symptoms if the parietal lobe affected? (dementia) |
Dysphagia Dyspraxia |
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what are the symptoms if the temporal lobe affected? (dementia) |
memory dysfunction |
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What is epilepsy? |
Spontaneous electrical action in the brain |
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What are the causes of epilepsy? |
No determined cause |
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What do we assess for in dementia patients? |
TSH - check norm thyroid function maybe CT scan b12/THIMINE for alcoholics |
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What is alzheimer's disease? |
accumulation of Aβ amyloid, Tau – neurofibrillary tangles and plaques, and loss of neurones and synapses
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How do we treat dementia? |
Cholinesterase inhibitors Multi-discipline |
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What is a diffuse infection of the cns? |
meningitis |
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what causes meningitis ? |
N. meningitidis / pneumococcus / menococcus Viral Fungal |
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What is early presentation of meningitis? |
Cold hands and feet pyrexia headache |
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what is late presentation of meningitis |
stiff neck seizures photophobia rash kernig's sign |
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what is a focal infection of the cns? |
brain abscess |
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how do brain abscess spread? |
Directly or through blood |
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what is Parkinson's disease? |
Movement disorder |
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what types of Parkinson's are there? |
sporadic or familial |
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how many people get parkinson's? |
1/1000 |
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what drug can help drug induced sporadic parkinson's? |
procyclidine |
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what are the clinical presentations of parkinson's? |
rigidity bradykinesis resting tremor postural instability |
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what are the treatments for parkinson's |
L-dopa eg MadoparAnticholinergic drugs eg orphenadrine
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what are meningiomas ? |
benign tumours of meninges that do not infiltrate the brain |
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what is the presentation of a CNS tumour? |
headache seizures cognitive/behaviour change vomiting altered conc |
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Where in the body is the brain vulnerable to mets? |
Anywhere in the body Brain CT must be included for breast and small cell lung cancers |
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What type of symptoms do pituitary tumours cause? |
compression symptoms |
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Pit tumours can be hormonally active true/false |
True |
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how are pit tumours removed? |
surgically |
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how are astrocytomas graded? |
I-IV I = GOOD |
