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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
What are the water soluble vitamins? |
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Vitamin B12 Ascorbic Acid (C) |
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What are the functions of vitamin A?
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Maintaining normal vision in reduced light
Potentiating the differentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus-secreting cells Enhancing immunity to infections, particularly in children and particularly measles. |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
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Impaired night vision
Xerophthalmia (dry eye) Keratinized epithelium and opaque spots (Bitot spots) Destruction of cornea (Keratomalacia) Squamous metaplasia of upper respiratory and urinary tracts Immune deficiency |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin A excess?
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Headache
Vomiting Stupor Adverse affects during pregnancy |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
What are the water soluble vitamins? |
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Vitamin B12 Ascorbic Acid (C) |
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What are the functions of vitamin A?
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Maintaining normal vision in reduced light
Potentiating the differentiation of specialized epithelial cells, mainly mucus-secreting cells Enhancing immunity to infections, particularly in children and particularly measles. |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
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Impaired night vision
Xerophthalmia (dry eye) Keratinized epithelium and opaque spots (Bitot spots) Destruction of cornea (Keratomalacia) Squamous metaplasia of upper respiratory and urinary tracts Immune deficiency |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin A excess?
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Headache
Vomiting Stupor Adverse affects during pregnancy |
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What are the functions of vitamin D?
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Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Collaborates with PTH in the mobilization of calcium from bone. Stimulates the PTH-dependent reabsorption of calcium in the distal renal tubule. |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets in growing children.
Osteomalacia in adults. Hypocalcemia, which leads to PTH production. Increased PTH leads to normal serum calcium, but hypophosphatemia persists, and mineralization of bone is impaired. |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D excess?
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Metastatic calcifications of soft tissues.
Excess vitamin D is often used as a potent rodenticide. Prolonged exposure to sunlight does not produce an excess of vitamin D. Only the orally administered vitamin has that potential. |
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What are some causes of Rickets or Osteomalacia?
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1. Decreased endogenous synthesis of vitamin D
- Inadequate exposure to sunlight - Heavy melanin pigmentation of skin (blacks) 2. Decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamin D in intestine - Dietary lack - Biliary tract, pancreatic, or intestinal dysfunction 3. Enhanced degradation of vitamin D and 25-OH-D 4. Impaired synthesis of 25-OH-D - Diffuse liver disease 5. Decreased synthesis of 1,25(OH)2-D - Advanced renal disease with failure - Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I (inherited deficiency of renal alpha1-hydroxylase) 6. Target organ resistance to 1,25(OH)2-D - Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II (congenital lack of receptors) 7. Phosphate depletion |
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What are the functions of vitamin C?
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Activation of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases from inactive precursors, providing for hydoxylation of procollagen.
- Inadequately hydroxylated procollagen cannot acquire a stable helical configuration and cannot be adequately cross-linked, so it is poorly secreted from fibroblast. Antioxidant properties |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
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Scurvy
Defective collagen fibrillogenesis impairs wound healing. Collagen is also an important part of bone, so bone formation is also affected. Defective connective tissue also leads to fragile capillaries, resulting in abnormal bleeding. |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin C excess?
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Potential for iron overload.
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What is the basis for skeletal change in vitamin C deficiency?
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There is insufficient production of osteod matrix by osteoblasts. Resorption of the cartilaginous matrix then fails or slows, and as a consequence there is cartilaginous overgrowth, with long spicules and plates projecting into the metaphyseal region of the marrow cavity; widening of the epiphysis
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What are the functions of vitamin E?
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Antioxidants and free radical scavengers.
Acts along with selenium in maintenance of cell (neuronal) membranes |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
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Increased RBC fragility and hemolytic anemia
Peripheral neuropathy Degeneration of spinal cord posterior columns spinocerebellar tracts May favor oxidation of LDL and development of atherosclerosis and CVD |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin E excess?
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Depresses vitamin K procoagulant levels.
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What are the functions of vitamin K?
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Required cofactor for liver carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many proteins (e.g. clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; prothrombin; and anticoagulant proteins C and S)
Required cofactor for osteocalcin (in bone matrix) and for renal epithelium |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
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Bleeding diathesis (e.g. hemorrhagic disease of newborn)
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What are the symptoms of vitamin K excess?
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In infants: hemolytic anemia
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What are the functions of vitamin B1 (thiamine)?
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Becomes phosphorylated to form thiamine pyrophosphate, involved in many alpha-ketoacid decarboxylation and transketolation reactions such as in synthesis of ATP.
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What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency?
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Beri beri
- "wet" beri beri with cardiac failure and edema - "dry" beri beri with peripheral neuropathy Focal hemorrhages into mamillary bodies, periventricular thalamus (Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome) |
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What is beri beri?
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Its symptoms include weight loss, emotional disturbances, impaired sensory perception (Wernicke's encephalopathy), weakness and pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heart rate. Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common. It may increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within the blood. In advanced cases, the disease may cause heart failure and death.
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What are the functions of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?
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Component of coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in various redox reactions
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What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 deficiency?
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Ariboflavinosis characterized by
- Cheilosis: fissures at angles of mouth - Glossitis: tongue atrophy - Eye changes: interstitial keratosis - Dermatitis: nasolabial folds Sometimes anemia |
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What are the functions of zinc?
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Component of enzymes, principally oxidases
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What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
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Acrodermatitis enteropathica: Rash around eyes, mouth, nose, and anus
Anorexia and diarrhea Growth retardation in children Depressed mental function Depressed wound healing and immune response Impaired night vision Infertility |
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What are the functions of iron?
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Essential component of hemoglobin as well as a number of iron-containing metalloenzymes
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What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?
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Hypochromic microcytic anemia
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What are the functions of copper?
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Component of cytochrome C oxidase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, tyrosinase, lysyl oxidase, and unknown enzyme involved in cross-linking collagen.
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What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
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Neurologic defects
Abnormal collagen cross-linking |
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What is the pathogenesis of fatty liver in Kwashiorkor patients?
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Fatty liver results from reduced synthesis of carrier proteins (apoproteins).
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