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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
axon synapse with dendrite
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axodendritic
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axon synapse with cell body
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axosomatic
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axon synapse with axon
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axoaxonic
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dendrite synapse with axon
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dendroaxonic
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dendrite synapse with dendrite
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dendrodendritic
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dendrite synapse with cell body
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dendrosomatic
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cell body synapse with axon
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somatoaxonic
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cell body synapse with cell body uncommon, between efferent nuclei
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somatosomatic
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Proprioception internal joint and tendon neurons in the dorsal horn
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SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT
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skin sensory neurons in the dorsal horn
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GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT
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GI related, taste, smell neurons in the dorsal horn
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SPECIAL VISCERAL AFFERENT
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GI, bladder, heart, vessels neurons in the dorsal horn
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GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT
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preganglion of ANS vetranl horn motor neurons (output assoc. OA and LMN)
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GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT
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branched arch of skeletal m. chew, pharynx, larynx ventral horn motor neurons (output assoc. OA and LMN)
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PHARYNGEAL EFFERENT
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somite-derived muscles of head and body, motor activity ventral horn motor neurons (OA and LMN)
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GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT
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higher levels of the brain that allow conscious interpretation and memory
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Central Procession
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distorted map of head and body surface proportional to density of cortical neurons that process sensory afferents from periphery
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Sensory Homunculus
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the process of sensing pain, receptors are called nociceptors
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Nociception
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Receptors are activated in response to active or impending tissue injury.
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Nociceptive Pain
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Pain that arises from direct injury to nerves.
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Neuropathic Pain
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afferent nociceptor fibers that sense fast pain, mechanical stimuli
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A? fibers
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afferent nociceptor fibers that sense slow-wave pain slower onset or longer duration; chemical , persistent mechanical, persistent thermal
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C fibers
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extreme sensitivity to pain
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hyperalgesia
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time of endurance (or maximum intensity) before the person wants to do something about the pain
influenced by: psychological, cultural, familial, environmental factors |
pain tolerance
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the point at which noxious stimulus is perceived as pain
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pain threshold
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pain that is perceived to be at a different point than the point of origin
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referred pain
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superficial structures; skin and subcutaneous; sharp, bright, burning; slow or fast onset
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cutaneous
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periosteum, muscles, tendons, joints, blood vessels; diffues; radiation of pain sometimes
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deep somatic
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visceral organs; transmitted by small unmyelinated fibers; ANS nervous responses of nausea, vomit, sweat, pallor, sometimes shock
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Visceral (splanchnic)
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less than 6 months. Anxiety and secondary reflex musculoskeletal spasms; intermittent or persistent.
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chronic
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disease or injury to peripheral nerves. Intractable sensory disturbances. Numbness, parasthesias, pain. Persistent or intermittent. Stabbing, jabbing, burning, shooting
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Neuropathic
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severe, brief, sometimes repetitive attacks of sharp shooting or throbbing pain. Along the spinal or cranial nerve. Trigeminal nerve. Postherpetic nerve.
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Neuralgia
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reflex sympathetic dystrophy
trauma to a nerve, soft tissue, broken bone |
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I
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reflex sympathetic causalgia
trauma to a nerve, soft tissue, broken bone |
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome II
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a type of neurologic pain
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Phantom Limb
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unicellular organisms that have an outer coating or cell wall in addition to a plasma membrane but no or few intracellular organelles.
n Possess DNA but lack nucleus, mitochondria, etc. |
bacteria
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fragments of the bacterial cell membrane (lipopolysaccharides) are responsible for temperature increase
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exogenous pyrogens
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1. Damage tissues at their sites of replication
2. release toxins that enter the blood which result in systemic symptoms 3. toxins that cause damage food poisoning |
Ways bacteria cause illness
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rod bacteria that are spiral in shape
Lyme disease, syphilis |
spirochetes
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very small self replicating organisms less than 1/3 the size of bacteria
Possess a cell membrane but not a cell wall thus immune to cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics such as penicillin and the cephalosporins Possess a small DNA genome |
mycoplasmas
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intracellular pathogens similar to viruses, but produce a rigid cell wall like bacteria
Contain RNA and DNA like bacteria, but reproduce by asexual division Scavenge essential nutrients and ATP from the host |
Rickettsia, chlamydiae, Ehrlichieae and coxiella
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Consist of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat.
DNA is inserted into the hosts DNA lack both the enzymatic machinery for metabolism and the ribosomes essential for protein synthesis. |
viruses
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Viruses that have the ability to transform normal hosts cells into malignant cells during the replication cycle.
cervical cancer, kaposi's sarcoma |
oncogenic viruses
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These insert into the hosts DNA and remain dormant for years.
herpes, mono, cytomegalovirus |
latent viruses
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1. replicate, kill host cell and lyse it, releasing more.
2. lie dormant, and begin replication much later. 3. transform normal cells into malignant cells. |
ways viruses cause illness
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Which infections predominate in US?
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viral, bacterial
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Which infections predominate globally?
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parasitic
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1. responsible for Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and Kuru in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease in animals
2. an infectious agent that lacks DNA or RNA, lacks a cell membrane or wall, possesses no cellular organelles 3. a normal structural protein that is found in most cells but has an abnormal shape |
prion
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These infections are usually self limiting; limited to skin or subcutaneous tissues.
Serious infections are initiated through puncture or inhalation. |
Fungus
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protozoa, helminths and arthropods
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parasites
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worm-like parasites including roundworms, tapeworm, and flukes
Acquired by ingestion of eggs |
helminths
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vectors of infectious diseases (such as mosquitoes, lice and fleas) as well as ectoparasites including mites (scabies), and lice (head, body, pubic)
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arthropods
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unicellular animals with well defined cell membrane, nucleus and organelles responsible for diseases such as malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis
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protozoa
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the study of factors, events and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious diseases among humans
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epidemiology
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incidence, portal of entry, source, symptoms, disease course, site of infection and virulence factors
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how infectious diseases are classified
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the number of new cases that occur in a defined population (eg., per 100000) over a period of time (yearly)
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incidence
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the number of active cases of an infectious disease at any given time
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prevalence
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if the incidence and prevalence of an infectious disease are expected and stable
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endemic
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an abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates
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epidemic
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spread of disease beyond borders
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pandemic
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process by which a pathogen enters the body, gains access to succeptible tissues, and causes disease
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Portal of entry
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direct entry through a defect in skin or mucous membranes
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penetration
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Classic example include the STDs
can also include vertical transmission from mother to child |
direct contact
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entry through the oral cavity - classic examples include food poisoning (bacterial), fecal-oral ingestion of viral particles (hepatitis, Norwalk and Rotavirus)
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ingestion
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bacterial, viral and fungal
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inhalation
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location, host, object, or substance from which the infectious agent was acquired
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source
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an infection acquired from the host itself
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opportunistic infection
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infections that develop while hospitalized
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nosocomial infections
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infections acquired outside the hospital setting
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community acquired
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the signs and symptoms expressed by the host
n Also referred to as the clinical picture or disease presentation Can be specific or nonspecific |
symptomatology
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an infectious disease can be divided into distinguishable stages after entry of the pathogen
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Course of Infectious Disease
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the pathogen begins active replication may be short (hours) or prolonged (6 months hepatitis)
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incubation
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the pathogen begins active replication may be short (hours) or prolonged (6 months hepatitis)
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incubation
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the initial appearance of symptoms which may be quite vague
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prodromal
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period when the patient experiences the maximum symptoms
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acute
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characterized by containment of the pathogen and elimination may last for days, weeks or months
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convalescent
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total elimination of the pathogen without residual signs or symptoms of the disease
Notable exceptions include chronic infection, subclinical or subacute illness, fulminant illness |
resolution
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protracted illness continuously or sporadically over months or years hepatitis C is a classic example of a chronic infection
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chronic infection
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diseases that progress from infection to resolution without symptoms
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subclinical or subacute
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diseases that have a protracted prodromal stage (chronic pyelonephritis) patients are usually unaware they have a disease until very advanced
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insidious
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abrupt onset of severe symptoms with little or no prodromal stage death frequently ensues
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fulminant illness
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a general term used to describe inflammation of a particular tissue without respect to bacterial, viral infection, or noninfectious causes
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itis
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denotes substances in the blood
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-emia
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the presence of microbial toxin in the blood
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sepsis, septicemia
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substances or products that are generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease
These include toxins, adhesion factors, evasive factors and invasive factors |
virulence factors
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proteins released from bacteria that affect cell function
Classically these include diptheria toxin which inhibits protein synthesis and botulism toxin that inhibits neurotransmitter release - can induce bleeding and clotting by damaging endothelial cells the cells that line all vessels |
exotoxins
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fragments of bacterial cell wall and thus classified as lipopolysaccharides
contribute to the inflammatory process by acting as chemotactic factors, causing fever |
endotoxins
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process by which a pathogen attaches to the host
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adhesion factors
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pathogens employ extracellular polysaccharides, slime, and mucous to discourage phagocytosis
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evasive factors
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in order to do this, you need to recover the pathogen or find evidence of its presence from the infected site and document of the clinical signs and symptoms
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diagnosis
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culture
serology antigen detection via antibodies DNA/RNA detection PCR polymerize chain reaction |
ways to diagnose
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antibacterial agents
anitiviral agents antifungal agents immunotherapy |
ways to treat infectious diseases
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condyloma acuminata caused by HPV, associated with cervical cancer
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genital warts
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caused by HSH II; neurotrophic, highly-cantagious. Produce single or multiple vesicles that rupture.
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Genital Herpes
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Most frequently reported STD
causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men, purulent urethritis usually develops |
gonorrhea
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Most commonly transmitted STD
difference here is because chlamydia frequently produce asymptomatic urithritis epididymitis, and prostatitis People have the disease without knowing |
chlamydia
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causative agent: spirochete Treponema pallidum
3 stages of the infection: primary (lesions), secondary (general malaise, fever), tertiary (gummas, dementia) |
syphilis
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Material of very low density that must be enclosed to keep together.No definite shape. No definite volume, but they completely fill a container. The volume of the container is the volume of the gas in it. A gas exerts a pressure on all sides of the container that holds it. Gas can be compressed by pressures greater than the pressure the gas on its container.
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gases
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1 mol of gas at STP =
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22.4 L
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Pt = P1 + P2, ...Pn
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daltons law of partial pressures
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PV=nRT
where, P - pressure, V volume, n #of mols, R universal gas constant (STP), T temp |
ideal gas law
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has less O2 and more CO2 than the environment
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alveoli
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at this stage, a cell may leave the cell cycle and either remain in an inactive state or reeneter the cell cycle at another time.
most variable time 8 hrs. to a year |
G0 phase
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at this stage the cell is post mitosis.
DNA synthesis ends RNA and protein synthesis Cell growth 8 hours to a year |
G1
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at this stage, DNA replication occurs and yields 2 sets of chromosomes
10 - 20 hours |
S - Main Phase I
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G1, S, G2
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Interphase
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premitotic phase
DNA stops RNA and protein synthesis - yes 2-10 hours |
G2
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cell division
0.5 to 1 hour |
Mitosis - (Main Phase II)
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these control the entry and progression through the cell cycle, they are synthesized at specific phases and then degrade
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cyclins
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these regulate cyclin-CDK complexes
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CDK inhibitor proteins
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programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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cell division for reproduction and to replace dying cells. The number is regulated so that the number of dying = number replaced.
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cellular proliferation
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ovum and sperm
these have 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes (haploid) |
gametes
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all cells except gametes
have both sets of chromosomes (diploid) |
somatic cells
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cells that cannot divide and reproduce
neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells |
well-differentiated cells
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cells that continue to divide and reproduce
blood, skin, liver |
progenitor or parent cells
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naive cells that can be stimulated to enter a cell cycle and differentiate
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undifferentiated stem cells
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preset and programmed expression of genes at certain part of cell growth to turn on specific new genes for discrete cell types
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cell differentiation
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one differentiated cell per stem
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unipotent
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fertilized egg
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totipotent
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small number of differentiated cell types per stem
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oligopotent
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many differentiated cell types per stem
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pluripotent
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new, uncoordinated growth; relatively autonomous; lacks normal regulatory controls of cell growth and division. Tends to keep growing. Growths serve no useful purpose, do not occur in response to an appropriate stimulus, and continue to grow at the expense of the host.
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neoplasm; neoplasia
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cancerous; undifferentiated (do not resemble tissue of origin), invading, cant break off metastasize
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malignant
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noncancerous; well differentiated (resemble tissue of origin), usually non-invading, non-metastasizing (not breaking off into pieces, not spreading).
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benign
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swelling caused by many things including inflammation, trauma, neoplasms
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tumor
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malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
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carcinoma
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malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin
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sarcoma
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benign microscopic or macro finger-like projections on surface
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papilloma
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marked neopplastic changes in cells that are found localized to tissue of origin before invasion
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cancer in situ
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grow by expansion
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benign
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infiltrate and invade surrounding tissue; synthezise and secrete enzymes that breakdown proteins
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malignant
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cancer cells get into body spaces - peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, joint
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seeding
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secondary tumor in a different location; lymphatic spread; hematogenic spread; some types of preferential spread (like prostate to bone)
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metastasis
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length of time for total mass to double in cell number
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doubling time
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process by which a normal cell is transformed to a malignant cell following exposure to carcinogenic agents
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carcinogenesis
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a term to describe how a normal cell becomes a cancer cell
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transformation
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1. DNA damage (mutation) from exposure
2. unregulated growth promoters 3. development of malignant tumor |
initiator - promotion - progression model
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process by which a normal cell is transformed to a malignant cell from dysfunction of genes that control cellular growth (mutated from proto-oncogenes) or that suppress tumors (inhibit cell proliferation)
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oncogene and tumor supression gene model
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1. viruses
2. environmental factors (carcinogens) 3. inheritance of defective gene 4. in vivo conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogene |
Methods of triggering cancer
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