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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neoplasia
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new growth
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tumor
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swelling, neoplastic growth
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carcinoma
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epithelial cell growth
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sarcoma
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mesenchymal cell growth
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differentiation
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resemblance of normal tissue
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anaplasia
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extent of change of malignant tissue
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metastasis
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transfer of malignant tissue to other sites via lymphatics or membranous surfaces
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neoplasm
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abnormal mass of tissue uncoordinated with normal tissue and persists after cessation of stimuli
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adenoma
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benign tumor of glandular origin
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polyp
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projective growth from a mucosal surface
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papilloma
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benign tumor of the skin or or mucus membrane
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teratoma
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malignant tumor of multiple germ layers
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melanoma
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malignant tumor of melanocytes
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seminomas
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malignant tumor of the testis
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which tumors do not metastasize?
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brain and skin tumors
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sentinal node
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first to receive malignant cells from a certain organ
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most common pathway for carcinomas?
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lymphatic spread
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typical spread for sarcomas?
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hematogenous, mostly veins
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steps of chemical carcinogenesis
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initiation-non reversible
promotion-reversible |
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what affect do direct-acting alkylating agents have?
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weak carcinogens
lymphoid neoplasms |
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what affect do polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(tobacco) have?
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potent carcinogens
lung and bladder cancer |
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what affect do aromatic amines and azo dyes( beta-naphthylamine) have?
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bladder cancer
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what affect do naturally occurring carcinogens(aflatoxin B1) have?
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liver cancer
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what affect do nitrosamines and amides(food preservatives) have?
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stomach cancer
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what cancer is asbestos associated with?
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lung cancer and mesotheliomas
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what cancer is vinyl chloride associated with?
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hemangiosarcoma of the liver
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what cancer are metals associated with?
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lung cancer
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what is UVB responsible for?
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skin cancer
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where does the carcinogenicity of UVB light come from?
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formation of pyrimidine dimers in the DNA
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what areas are relatively resistant to ionizing radiation?
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skin and GI
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what areas are most vulnerable to ionizing radiation?
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leukemias and thyroid cancers in kids
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mechanism of HPV?
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integrated into host genome
protein E6 binds to p53 and E7 binds to RB gene targets tumor suppressor gene only an initiation event |
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mechanism of EBV?
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enters B cells via CD21
protein LMP-1 mimics action of CD40 |
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mechanism of HBV?
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chronic liver cell injury and hyperplasia increasing risk of genetic change
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mechanism of HTLV-1?
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affinity for CD4 T cells
infects and transmits via blood, sex and breastfeeding TAX gene for viral replication |
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mechanism of H. Pylori?
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CagA island
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cancer assoc. with HPV?
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benign papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas of cervix and anogenital region, oral and laryngeal cancer
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cancer assoc. with EBV?
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Burkitt's lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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cancer assoc. with HBV?
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liver
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cancer assoc. with HTLV-1?
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T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
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cancer assoc. with H. pylori?
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gastric carcinomas and B-cell lymphomas
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carcinomas
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malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin
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adenocarcinoma
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carcinoma with a glandular growth pattern
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teratoma
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neoplasms made up of a variety of parenchymal cell types, usually in the gonads
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pleomorphism
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variation in size and shape
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dysplasia
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disordered growth, usually in the epithelia, loss in the uniformity of the individual cells and architectural orientation
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what is the smallest detectable mass?
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one gram, 10^9 cells
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what is the smallest mass compatible with life?
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one kilogram, 10^12 cells
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what are some fast growing tumors?
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leukemias, lymphomas and lung cancers
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what are some slow growing tumors?
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breast and colon
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how are growth rate and differentiation related?
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direct correlation
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what cancers do not metastasize?
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glial cells of CNS and basal cells of the skin
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what cancers have a propensity for vein invasion?
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renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma
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most common cancers?
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breast, prostate, lung, colon, rectum
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what is the most common cancer predisposition syndrome?
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hereditary nonpolypoid colon cancer
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why are mutant alleles of proto-oncogenes considered dominant?
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only one is required to transform cells
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haploinsufficiency
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loss of function of a recessive gene caused by damage of a single allele
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when are CDK's expressed?
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throughout the cell cycle but must be activated by cyclins
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when are cyclins expressed?
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during specific phases of the cell cycle
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what phosphorylates the RB protein?
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cyclin D-CDK4 complex
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what is the on-off switch of the cell cycle?
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phosphorylation of RB protein
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how does RB prevent cell replication?
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binding to the transcription factor E2F
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what does E2F do?
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increases transcription of cyclin E and polymerases needed for DNA replication
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what pushes the cell from G1 to S phase?
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formation of active complex between cyclin E and CDK2
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how is the cell moved from G2 to M phase?
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E2F mediates cyclin A transcription which forms a complex with CDK2
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what interaction propels the cell past prophase?
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cyclin B and CDK1
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what are the two main classes of CDK inhibitors?
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Cip/Kip and INK4/ARF families
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what controls p21?
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p53
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what does p16INK4a do?
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competes with cyclin D for binding to CDK4
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what does p14ARF do?
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prevents p53 degradation
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what is the point of no return in cell replication?
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moving to S phase
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sensors of DNA damage?
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RAD proteins and ATM
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transducers of DNA damage?
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CHK kinases
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what is the most common abnormality of dominant oncogenes in human tumors?
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point mutation of RAS family genes
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in what cancers is RAS involvement infrequent?
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uterine cervix and breast
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what part of the RAS is affected in abnormal growth?
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the response of the GTPase to GAP's
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the most commonly involved oncoprotein in human tumors?
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MYC gene proteins
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what does MYC protein do?
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increased when cell given signal to divide
potent transcriptional activator |
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common cancer with MYC dysregulation?
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Burkitt lymphoma
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what do germ-line losses of the RB gene predispose?
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retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas
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what are the four key regulators dysregulated in human cancers?
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p16INK4a, cyclin D, CDK4, RB
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what does TGF beta do?
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inhibition of cellular proliferation via CDK inhibitor p27
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what is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
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inheritance of mutant p53 allele
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how does p53 repair DNA?
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induces the transcription of GADD45
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how does p53 arrest the cell-cycle?
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transcription of the CDK inhibitor p21
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how does p53 induce apoptosis?
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BAX gene
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what does MDM2 do?
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causes p53 degradation
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what tumor suppressor genes down-regulate growth promoting signals?
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APC and NF-1
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what gives rise to familial adenomatous polyposis?
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one mutant allele in APC gene
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what is beta-catenins function?
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complexes with TCF and upregulates cellular proliferation
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relationship between APC and beta-catenin?
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APC downregulates beta-catenin
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how does BCL gene regulate apoptosis?
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BCL-2 protects cells from apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, but a translocation to Ig heavy chain gives a rise in BCL protein and B lymphocyte accumulation
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what is wrong in genomic instability syndromes?
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inherited mutations of DNA repair proteins
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example of syndrome from mutation in DNA mismatch repair?
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HNPCC syndrome
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example of syndrome from mutation in nucleotide excision repair
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xeroderma pigmentosum
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gene involved in ataxia-telangiectasia?
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ATM gene-encodes a protein kinase that senses DNA double-stranded breaks
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what genes are associated with nonfamilial breast cancer?
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BRCA1 and 2
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functions of BRCA genes?
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estrogen and androgen receptor regulation
homologous recombination DNA repair chromatin remodeling cell-cycle delay for repair |
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most important tumor angiogenic factors?
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VEGF and bFGF
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how does p53 prevent angiogenesis?
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inducing the synthesis of thrombospondin-1
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what are some anti-angiogenesis factors that tumors express themselves?
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angiostatin from plasminogen
endostatin and tumstatin from collagens |
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important factor in cell adhesion to ECM?
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E cadherin and catenins
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components of the ECM important in metastasis?
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laminin and fibronectin
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three proteases in cancer matastasis?
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serine, cysteine and matrix metalloproteinases( cleave type IV collagen)
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what happens from degradation of the ECM in tumor metastasis?
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release of growth factors, angiogenesis promotors and tumor motility
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what do tumor cells use to adhere to endothelial cells at the new site?
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CD44
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what types of chromosomal rearrangements can activate protooncogenes?
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translocations and inversions
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prototypic example of an oncogene formed by gene fusion?
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chronic myeloid leukemia
BCR-ABL |
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what is the first step in colon cancer?
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APC inactivation
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common property among direct acting carcinogens
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electrophiles
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what are most carcinogens metabolized by?
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cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases
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product of p450 that increases risk of lung cancer?
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CYP1A1
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where do aromatic amines and azo dyes exert their carcinogenicity?
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in the liver via cytochrome p450
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what carcinogen is formed in the GI tract?
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nitrosamines and amides
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which UV light is responsible for cutaneous cancers?
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UVB-formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA
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what genes does UVB light effect?
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RAS and p53
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what do E6 and E7 in HPV do?
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E6 binds to p53 and E7 binds to RB inducing degradation
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what is an increased risk for cervical cancer development in HPV infection?
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p53 containing arginine at position 72
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EBV affect on B cells
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LMP-1 binds to signaling molecule and promotes proliferation and suvival
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what cancer is HBV associated with
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liver
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what human retrovirus is implicated in the causation of cancer?
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human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
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target of HTLV1?
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CD4 T cells
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transforming activity of HTLV1 is due to what gene?
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TAX
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what does the TAX gene do?
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stimulates transcription of viral mRNA, activates transcription of host genes for T cell proliferation and differentiation
inactivates p16INK4a and activates cyclin D |
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what cancers is helicobacter pylori linked to?
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gastric carcinoma and lymphoma
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genes involved in helicobacter pylori infection?
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CagA and VacA
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what is an enzyme overexpressed in tumor cells and seen as a tumor antigen?
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tyrosinase
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what is an antigen gene normally restricted to the testis but is proliferative in tumors?
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MAGE
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most important oncofetal antigens?
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CEA and AFP
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glycolipids expressed at high levels in melanomas?
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Gm2, Gd2, Gd3
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what is the principal mechanism of killing tumor cells?
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CD8 cytotoxic T cells
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how do tumors kill T cells?
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by expressing the Fas ligand
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what is a potent immunosuppressant of tumors?
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TGFbeta
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what are the most common tumors in immunosuppressed patients?
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lymphomas
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what is the big cytokine related to cachexia?
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TNF
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what contributes to the wasting in cachexia?
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high metabolic rate despite decreased intake
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Cushing's?
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most common endocrinopathy
50% have lung carcinoma caused by corticotropin |
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what regulates calcium transport in the lactating breast and across the placenta?
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PTHRP
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what cancer is does hypertrophic osteoarthropathy found with?
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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what does grading a tumor mean?
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degree of differentiation and number of mitoses as a level of aggressiveness
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what is staging of a tumor?
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based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread and presence of blood-borne metastases
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