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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two most common sites for metastatic tumors?
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Lung
Liver |
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Where is the rarest metastasis of tumors?
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Skeletal Muscle
Spleen |
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What commonly metastasizes to bone?
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Cancer of prostate
lung breast thryroid Kidney |
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What commonly metastasizes to brain?
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Cancer of lung
breast kidney |
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What organ can a malignant melanoma metastasize to?
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EVERY
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What is meant when a malignant tumor is called occult?
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Primary site remains unknown in spite of many metastatic lesions
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What three ways do cancers spread?
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Lymphatic spread (Typically Carcinomas)
Hematogenous Spread (Typically Sarcomas) Seeding of Body Cavities |
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What are the three step mechanisms for invasion and metastasis?
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1.) Tumor cells acquire receptors that bind to laminin and fibronectin of the extracellular matrix
2.) Proteolytic enzymes secreted by tumor cells lyse the matrix components 3.) Tumor cells migrate to the degraded zone of the extracellular matrix |
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How are tumors graded?
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According to aggressiveness based on degree of anaplasia. (Grade I - Well differentiated) (Grade V - undifferentiated)
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How are tumors staged?
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Staging is based on a TNM system (T = Tumors, N = Lymph Nodes, M = Metastasis)
T rank 0-4 N rank 0-3 M rank 0-2,1 |
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What are the markers for tumors of various tissues such as:
Epithelial cancers Mesenchymal Tumors Nerve, Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Lymphomas Endocrine Tumors |
Epithelial Cancers: Keratin, Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Mesenchymal tumors: Vimentin, Desmin (for muscle) Nerve: Neuron specific enolase (NSE), Chromogranins Prostate Cancer: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), Prostaticacid phosphate (PAP) Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) T-Cell, and B-cell markers Endocrine Tumors: Various Hormones |
