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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the major organ involvments in diabetes mellitus
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• Angiopathy
• Nephropathy • Retinopathy • Polyneuropathy |
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Vascular changes in diabetes mellitus are
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• Arteriosclerosis
• Hyalinos arteriolosclerosis • Diabetic microangiopathy |
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Elements of diabetic nephropathy
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• Glomerulopathy
• Arterio-/arteriolosclerosis • Recurrent pyelonephritis |
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Forms of ischemic heart disease
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• Angina pectoris
• Acute myocardial infar • Chronic ischemic heart • Sudden cardiac death |
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Causes of reduced coronary perfusion are
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• Stenosis (atherosclerotic plaque)
• Coronary thrombosis • Vasospasm |
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The course of AMI at tissue level
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• Ischemic cell injury (swelling)
• Coagulation necrosis • Acute inflammatory infiltration • Granulation tissue formation • Scarring |
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Major cardial complications of AMI
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• Cardiac arrest
• Arrythmia • Mural thrombosis • Myocardial rupture • Fibrinous pericarditis • Left ventricle aneurysm |
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Major causes of cor pulmonale
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• Pneumoconiosis
• Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis • COPD • Tumors of the lung |
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General forms of arteriosclerosis
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• Atherosclerosis
• Calcifying mediasclerosis (Mönckeberg) • Arteriolosclerosis |
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Clinical complications of atherosclerosis
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• AMI
• Cerebral stroke • Aortic aneurysm • Renal insufficiency • Peripheral arteriopathy (gangraena) |
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Major porto-caval venous anastomoses significant in portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis)
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• Esophageal venous plexus
• Rectoanal (hemorrhoidal) veins • Retroperitoneal venous plexus • Umbilical/abdominal veins |
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Features of Barrett-esophagust?
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• Reddish spots on the esophageal mucosa
• Glandular epithelial cell metaplasia • Complication of esophageal reflux • Transformation potential to adenocarcinoma |
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Basic components of acute gastritis
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• Mucosal erosion
• Acute inflammatory infiltration • Superficial haemorrhage |
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Basic components of chronic gastritis
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• Chronic inflammatory infiltration
• Mucosal atrophy • Intestinal metaplasia • Regeneratory dysplasia |
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Major causes of chronic gastritis
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• Helicobacter pylori
• Autoimmune processes |
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Significant factors in the development of peptic ulcers
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• H. pylori
• Hyperacidity • Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs • Fast stomach emptying |
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Histological layers of a chronic ulcer are
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• Superficial necrosis
• Acute inflammatory layer • Granulation tissue layer • Massive fibrosis |
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Common complications of chronic peptic ulcers are
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• Gastric haemorrhage
• Perforation • Scarring |
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Benign tumors of the stomach are
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• Hyperplastic polyps
• Adenomas • Tumors of soft tissue and neural origin |
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Basic features of Krukenberg-tumor
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• Bilateral ovarial metastasis
• Histological type is signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma • Primary site is the stomach, breast or pancreas |
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Histological features of acute pancreatitis are
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• Parenchymal edema
• Acute inflammatory infiltration • Fat necrosis • Haemorrhagia |
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What are the common causes of ARDS
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• Sepsis
• Shock • Pneumonia • Aspiration |
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Major histological components in ARDS
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• Alveolar edema
• Necrosis • Neutrophils • Hyaline membrane |
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Bronchiectasis develops on the basis of
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• destructive bronchitis
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The principal mechanism of alveolar wall destruction in emphysema
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• insufficient anti-protease production
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Which histological types of bronchial carcinomas are strongly related to cigarette smoking
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• squamous cell carcinoma
• small cell lung carcinoma |
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Epithelial precursor lesions of lung cancer are
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• squamous dysplasia
• atypical adenomatosus hyperplasia |
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Paraneoplastic syndromes frequently associated with small cell lung carcinoma are
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• ACTH secretion
• ADH secretion |
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Which histiological type of oral squamous cell carcinoma has the most favourable prognosis
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• verrucous carcinoma
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Hepatotrop viruses infecting through a fecal-oral route are
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• hepatitis A
• hepatitis E |
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Hepatotrop viruses infecting parenterally
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• hepatitis B
• hepatitis D • hepatitis C |
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Which part of the hepatic lobule is affected by hepatocyte damage in chronic active hepatitis
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• periphery of the lobule (= limiting plate)
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What is the Budd-Chiary syndrome
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• Thrombosis of the hepatic vein
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The most frequent primary carcinomas of the liver are
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• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Cholangiocellular carcinoma |
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Main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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• Crohn disease
• Ulcerative colitis |
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Characteristic features of ulcerative colitis
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• Limited to the colon
• Distribution is diffuse • Ulceration is superficial • Pseudopolyps are marked • Malignant potential |
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Characteristic features of Crohn disease
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• Ileum and colon involved
• Skip lesions • Deep ulcers • Fistulas • Granulomas • Malignant potential |
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Carcinomas of the large intestine are
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• Adenocarcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus |
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Common non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine
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• Lymphoma
• GIST • Carcinoid |
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Most important marker for prostate carcinoma detection and monitoring
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• Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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What is Paget disease
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• Nipple and/or epidermal infiltration by DCIS
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Morphological subtypes of invasive breast cancer are
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• Ductal
• Lobular • Medullary • Inflammatory • Mucinous • Tubular |
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Major forms of thyroiditis
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• Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto)
• Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain) • Subacute lymphocytic (postpartum) |
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The enlagement of the thyroid is called
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• Goiter (struma)
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Carcinomas of the thyroid are
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• Papillary carcinoma
• Follicular carcinoma • Medullary carcinoma • Anaplastic carcinoma |
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Endocrin neoplasms of the pancreas are
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• Insulinoma
• Gastrinoma • Glucagonoma • Somatostatinoma |
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Major causes of the Cushing syndrome
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• Pituitary hyperfunction (adenoma)
• Adrenal hyperfunction • Paraneoplastic (ACTH producing tumor) • Iatrogenic |
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Patterns of brain herniation
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• Subfalcine
• Transtentorial • Tonsillar |
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Major forms of hydrocephalus
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• Non-communicating
• Communicating • Hydrocephalus ex vacuo |
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The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is
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• Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm
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Cause of epidural hematoma
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• Injury of the middle meningeal artery
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Cause of subdural hematoma
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• Disruption of the bridging veins
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Major routes of infective agents to the CNS
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• Hematogenous
• Direct posttraumatic • Continous extension • Nerve chanals |
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Forms of infectious meningitis
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• Acute bacterial meningitis
• Viral meningitis • Chronic meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis) |
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Major types of gliomas are
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• Astrocytomas
• Oligodendrogliomas • Ependymomas |
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Most common primary tumors causing brain metastases
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• Lung cancer
• Breast carcinoma • Melanoma • Renal cancer • Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas |
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List the four histological types of colorectal polyps!
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• inflammatory
• hyperplastic • hamartomatous • adenomatous |
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What type of colorectal polyps do you know based on the macroscopical appearance?
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• peduncuted
• sessile |
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Which are the two major genetic routes of colorectal carcinoma?
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• APC/β-catenin pathway
• microsatellite instability (mismatch repair) pathway |
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Which are the most important complications associated with acute calculosus cholecystitis?
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• empyema
• gangrene • perforation • bilestone ileus |
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Which are the common bone-forming tumors?
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• osteoma
• osteoid osteoma • osteoblastoma • osteosarcoma |
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Which are the common cartilage-forming tumors?
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• enchondroma
• osteochondroma • chondroblastoma • chondrosarcoma |
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Which are the most frequent complications of rickets?
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• caput quadratum
• rachitic rosary • pectus carinatum/excavatum • rachitic bowleg/knock knee • scoliosis |
